Coating compositions having improved performance

ABSTRACT

The presently disclosed subject matter provides compositions comprising a first substrate-binding domain (a peptide or a polymer) having binding affinity for a tissue or a medical device, a second substrate-binding domain having binding affinity for a target molecule, and the target molecule. In some embodiments, the first and second substrate-binding domains are covalently linked. The first and second substrate-binding domains are covalently coupled to at least one hydrophobic interaction tag, negatively charged interaction tag, or positively charged interaction tag. When the substrate-binding domains are combined and coated onto the tissue or medical device, the hydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the charged interaction tags interact with the oppositely charged interaction tags or the oppositely charged substrate binding polymers, to form a macromolecular network of non-covalently coupled substrate-binding domains to load the target molecule onto the tissue or medical device.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The presently disclosed subject matter claims the benefit of U.S.Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/039,946 filed Mar. 27, 2008;the disclosure of which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

GRANT STATEMENT

This invention was made in part from government support under Grant No.2R44AR051264-02 from the National Institute of Arthritis andMusculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. Thus, the U.S. Government has certainrights in the invention.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The presently disclosed subject matter relates to compositionscomprising macromolecular networks comprised of non-covalently coupledsubstrate binding domains for loading of a target molecule to a tissueor medical device.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

To provide an efficacious dose of a therapeutic agent at the site oftreatment, systemic administration of the therapeutic can often lead toadverse or toxic side effects to the patient. Local delivery providessmaller total amounts of the therapeutic minimizing adverse side effectsand targets the therapeutic to the site of treatment. One way to locallydeliver a therapeutic agent to a treatment site is to coat thetherapeutic agent onto the surface of an implantable medical device.

Many matrix systems have been developed to deliver a bioactive moleculeto a substrate, such as the surface of a medical device. Typically, thebioactive molecule is covalently coupled to the substrate, or morecommonly, the substrate is coated with a matrix containing bioactivemolecule. The matrix may be composed of a polymer into which is trappedthe bioactive molecule, and as the matrix degrades, released is thebioactive molecule. Thus, the efficiency of release of the bioactivemolecule from the polymer matrix depends on individual matrixcharacteristics such as the affinity of the matrix for the bioactivemolecule; and the matrix degradation rate, density, and pore size.Typically, materials used in such matrix systems include polymers suchas polylactides, polyglycolides, polyanhydrides, polyorthoesters,polylactic and polyglycolic acid copolymers, alginate, poly(ethyleneglycol), polyoxyethylene oxide, carboxyvinyl polymer, and poly(vinylalcohol). Natural matrix proteins/polymers used to encapsulate entrapbioactive molecules for release include collagen, glycosaminoglycans,and hyaluronic acid, which are enzymatically digested in the body.

Recently described are biological coating compositions for medicaldevices (see, e.g., published patent applications US 20060051395, US20070160644, co-pending and commonly owned) comprising a biofunctionalcomposition. The biofunctional composition comprises a peptide havingbinding specificity for a surface material comprising the surface ontowhich is to be applied the coating composition, and a peptide havingbinding specificity for a therapeutic agent; wherein covalently coupledare the peptide having binding specificity for a surface material andthe peptide having binding specificity for a therapeutic agent. Thecoating composition may further comprise therapeutic agentnon-covalently bound to peptide having binding specificity for thetherapeutic agent. Peptide-based biomaterials have gained interest asnovel materials for biomedical applications (see Fairman R, Akerfeldt KS. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2005; 15 (4): 453-63 and Rajagopal K, SchneiderJ P. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2004; 14 (4): 480-6). A large variety ofsynthetic advantages of peptide-based biomaterials include theirprogrammability, biodegradability, and bioresorbability. In addition,peptides can be isolated that bind to specific therapeutic agents or thesurface of biomaterials (Grinstaff et al. U.S. Patent Application20060263830; Beyer et al. U.S. Patent Application 20060051395).

Certain peptides are able to self assemble into gel like membranes whenincubated in the presence of low concentrations of monovalent cations(U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,670,483; 6,548,630) or based on the spatial matchingof the complementary functional groups (U.S. Pat. No. 7,399,831).Versatile side-chain functional groups and non-covalent interactions of20 amino acids enable one to design peptides for numerous applications.Most designed peptide-based biomaterials are amphipathic, with bothhydrophilic and hydrophobic amino acids in their sequence. The order andrepeat of these amino acids in the primary sequence determines thenature of the secondary structure adopted by these peptides and,thereby, the final morphology of the assembled biomaterials. Assembly ofthese peptides is driven by the non-covalent interactions between theside-chain functional groups and backbone amides, which mostly involvehydrophobic, electrostatic, hydrogen bonding, and π-stackinginteractions (Ramachandran, S, Yu, Y. B. Biodrugs 2006; 20 (5):263-269). Designed proteins offer favorable properties such as precisionand tight regulation of self assembly by using environmental cues suchas pH, ionic strength and temperature (Whitesides, et al. (1991) Science254, 1312-1319; Yeates, T. O. & Padilla, J. E. (2002) Curr. Opin.Struct. Biol. 12, 464-470; MacPhee, C. E., Woolfson, D. N. (2004) Curr.Opin. Solid State Mater. 8, 141-149).

Nature forms complex multicomponent three-dimensional structures throughspontaneous association of molecules termed “molecular self-assembly”(Whitesides, et al. (1991) Science 254, 1312-1319). The self-assemblyprocess is mediated through weak intermolecular bonds, such as van derwaals bonds, electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonds and stackinginteractions. These relatively low energy interactions are combinedtogether to form intact and well-ordered supramolecular structures. Theself-assembly of peptide amphiphiles into nanostructures creates a densehydrocarbon-like microenvironment within an aqueous gel. The environmentcreated locally upon assembly makes peptide amphiphile nanostructuresand other self-assembling systems potentially ideal candidates for thedelivery of hydrophobic or water-insoluble molecules in vivo (Guler, etal. J Mater Chem 2005, 15, 4507-4512). In addition, peptide sequencesthat bind to cells or other biologics can be attached to self-assemblingpeptides to generate peptide nanofibers that bind biologics (U.S. Pat.No. 7,399,831; U.S. Patent Application 20050272662; U.S. PatentApplication 20050209145).

Within the art, however, there still exists a need to generateself-assembling peptides that both bind a therapeutic agent and to thesurface of a medical device. These dual functional, self-assemblingpeptides could be used for controlled, local deliver of a therapeuticagent from an implanted medical device.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The presently disclosed subject matter provides a composition comprisinga plurality of a first substrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40amino acids, wherein the first substrate is a tissue or a medical deviceand the first substrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for thetissue or the medical device; a plurality of a second substrate-bindingpeptide comprising of 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrateis a target molecule and the second substrate-binding peptide hasbinding affinity for the target molecule, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are not covalently linked; and a plurality ofthe target molecule; wherein each of the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides is covalently coupled to at least oneinteraction tag selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobicinteraction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and a negativelycharged interaction tag, wherein the hydrophobic interaction tagsinteract with each other and the positively charged interaction tagsinteract with the negatively charged interaction tags to form amacromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled first and second substrate-binding peptides.

In another embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides acomposition comprising a plurality of a first substrate-binding polymerhaving a net negative or a net positive charge, wherein the firstsubstrate is a tissue or medical device and the first substrate-bindingpolymer has binding affinity for the tissue or medical device; aplurality of a second substrate-binding peptide of 3 to 40 amino acids,wherein the second substrate is a target molecule and the secondsubstrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for the target molecule,wherein the first substrate-binding polymer and the secondsubstrate-binding peptide are not covalently linked; and a plurality ofthe target molecule, wherein the plurality of second substrate-bindingpeptides are covalently coupled to at least one net positively or netnegatively charged interaction tag, wherein the charge of theinteraction tag is opposite to the charge of the first substrate-bindingpolymer, wherein each of the plurality of first substrate-bindingpolymers and second substrate-binding peptides is optionally covalentlycoupled to a hydrophobic interaction tag, wherein the chargedinteraction tag interacts with the first substrate-binding polymer andthe optional hydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other toform a macromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled first substrate-binding polymers and second substrate-bindingpeptides.

In another embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides acomposition comprising a plurality of a first substrate-binding peptidecomprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the first substrate is a tissueor medical device and the first substrate-binding peptide has bindingaffinity for the tissue or medical device; a plurality of a secondsubstrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein thesecond substrate is a target molecule and the second substrate-bindingpeptide has binding affinity for the target molecule, wherein the firstand second substrate-binding peptides are covalently linked; and aplurality of the target molecule, wherein the plurality of covalentlylinked first and second substrate-binding peptides are covalentlycoupled to at least one interaction tag selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positively chargedinteraction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag, wherein thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the positivelycharged interaction tags interact with the negatively chargedinteraction tags to form a macromolecular network comprising theplurality of non-covalently coupled substrate-binding peptides.

In another embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides acomposition comprising a composition comprising, a plurality of firstmolecules comprising a first substrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to40 amino acids, wherein the first substrate is a tissue or medicaldevice and the first substrate-binding peptide has binding affinity forthe tissue or medical device; and a second substrate-binding peptidecomprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrate is a targetmolecule and the second substrate-binding peptide has binding affinityfor the target molecule, wherein the first and second substrate-bindingpeptides are covalently linked; and a plurality of second moleculescomprising the second substrate-binding peptide, wherein the secondsubstrate binding peptide is not covalently linked to the firstsubstrate binding peptide; and a plurality of the target molecule,wherein each of the plurality of first and second molecules arecovalently coupled to at least one interaction tag selected from thegroup consisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positively chargedinteraction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag, wherein thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the positivelycharged interaction tags interact with the negatively chargedinteraction tags to form a macromolecular network comprising theplurality of non-covalently coupled first and second molecules.

In another embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter providesmethods for coating a tissue or a medical device with the presentlydisclosed compositions, and medical devices, wherein at least a portionof the medical device is coated with a composition of the presentlydisclosed subject matter.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a bar graph measuring the retention of substrate-bindingpeptide by itself (e.g., SEQ ID NO:122) or as coupled to a molecule forpromoting self assembly (e.g., conjugates, or compositions 119-124,127-132; see Example 6 herein for a description of both) to a substratein assay conditions which mimic the presence of human plasma.

FIG. 2 is a bar graph measuring the retention of substrate-bindingpeptide by itself (e.g., SEQ ID NO:124-linker-SEQ ID NO:122) orcompositions comprising molecular network of the invention (e.g.,compositions 133, 134, 136, 137, 139; see Example 6 herein) to asubstrate in assay conditions which mimic the presence of human plasma.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a composition of the presentlydisclosed subject matter where a first substrate-binding domain having acovalently coupled hydrophobic or charged interaction tag isnon-covalently bound to a tissue or medical device and it is alsonon-covalently coupled to the interaction tag on a secondsubstrate-binding domain that is non-covalently bound to a targetmolecule.

FIG. 4A-4C are schematic diagrams showing 3 separate compositions of thepresently disclosed subject matter. FIG. 4A shows a compositioncomprising a first substrate-binding peptide (SBD-1) having 2 covalentlycoupled positively charged interaction tags (+++) (far left) associatingthrough electrostatic interactions with a second substrate-bindingpeptide (SBD-2) having 1 covalently coupled negatively chargedinteraction tag (−−−) (left, and association shown in the middle). Thediagram further shows how a multitude of the first and second substratebinding domains associate together (far right). FIG. 4B shows acomposition comprising a first substrate-binding peptide having 1covalently coupled positively charged interaction tag and 1 covalentlycoupled hydrophobic interaction tag (zig zag line) (far left)associating through electrostatic interactions with a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having 1 covalently coupled negatively chargedinteraction tag (left, and association shown in the middle). The diagramfurther shows how a multitude of the first and second substrate bindingdomains associate together through both the charged interaction tags andthe hydrophobic interaction tags (far right). FIG. 4C shows acomposition comprising a first substrate-binding peptide having 1covalently coupled positively charged interaction tag and 1 covalentlycoupled hydrophobic interaction tag (far left) associating throughelectrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having 1 covalently coupled negatively chargedinteraction tag and 1 covalently coupled hydrophobic interaction tag(left, and association shown in the middle). The diagram further showshow a multitude of the first and second substrate binding domainsassociate together through both the charged interaction tags and thehydrophobic interaction tags (far right).

FIG. 5A-5C are schematic diagrams showing 3 separate compositions of thepresently disclosed subject matter. FIG. 5A shows a compositioncomprising a first substrate-binding polymer (SBD-1) having a positivecharge (far left) associating through electrostatic interactions with asecond substrate-binding peptide (SBD-2) having 1 covalently couplednegatively charged interaction tag (−−−) (left, and association shown inthe middle). The diagram further shows how a multitude of the first andsecond substrate binding domains associate together (far right). FIG. 5Bshows a composition comprising a first substrate-binding polymer having1 covalently coupled hydrophobic interaction tag (zig zag line) (farleft) associating through electrostatic interactions with a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having 1 covalently coupled negatively chargedinteraction tag (left, and association shown in the middle). The diagramfurther shows how a multitude of the first and second substrate bindingdomains associate together through both the charged interaction tags andthe hydrophobic interaction tags (far right). FIG. 5C shows acomposition comprising a first substrate-binding polymer having 1covalently coupled hydrophobic interaction tag (far left) associatingthrough electrostatic and hydrophobic interactions with a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having 1 covalently coupled negatively chargedinteraction tag and 1 covalently coupled hydrophobic interaction tag(left, and association shown in the middle). The diagram further showshow a multitude of the first and second substrate binding domainsassociate together through both the charged interaction tags and thehydrophobic interaction tags (far right).

FIG. 6A-6B are a schematic diagrams showing 3 separate compositions ofthe presently disclosed subject matter. FIG. 6A shows a compositionstarting with 2 molecules of a first substrate-binding peptide (SBD-1)covalently linked to a second substrate binding peptide (SBD-2), whereinthe peptides are covalently linked together through a hydrophobicinteraction tag (zig zag line) and there is a further covalently coupledpositively charged interaction tag (+++) on 1 of the molecules and anegatively charged interaction tag (−−−) on the other molecule (farleft). The middle shows an association of the 2 molecules through bothelectrostatic interactions of the charged interaction tags andhydrophobic interactions of the hydrophobic interaction tags. Thediagram further shows (far right) how a multitude of the moleculescomprising first and second substrate binding domains and charged andhydrophobic tags associate together. FIG. 6B shows a compositionstarting with 2 molecules of a first substrate-binding peptidecovalently linked to a second substrate binding peptide, wherein thepeptides are covalently linked together through a linker (L) and each ofthe molecules further comprise a covalently coupled hydrophobicinteraction tag (far left). The middle shows an association of the 2molecules through hydrophobic interactions of the hydrophobicinteraction tags. The diagram further shows (far right) how a multitudeof the molecules comprising first and second substrate binding domainsand hydrophobic tags associate together.

FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing a composition of the presentlydisclosed subject matter. FIG. 7 (far left) shows a first top leftmolecule of a first substrate-binding peptide (SBD-1) covalently linkedto a second substrate binding peptide (SBD-2), wherein the peptides arecovalently linked together through a hydrophobic interaction tag (zigzag line) and there is a further positively charged interaction tagcovalently coupled to the SBD-1 (+++). A second molecule on the bottomfar left having a second substrate binding peptide (SBD-2) with acovalently coupled negatively charged interaction tag (−−−) is shown tointeract with the first molecule through electrostatic interactions ofthe charged interaction tags (middle). The diagram further shows (farright) how a multitude of the molecules comprising first and secondsubstrate binding domains and charged and hydrophobic interaction tagsassociate together.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Definition Section While the following terms are believed to be wellunderstood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the followingdefinitions are set forth to facilitate explanation of the invention.Also, additional definitions may be provided in the specificationoutside of this “Definition Section” to facilitate explanation of theinvention.

The term “macromolecular network” is used herein, for purposes of thespecification and claims, to mean a structure formed by a plurality ofmolecules of compound, wherein the structure is formed by non-covalentmolecular interactions between fatty acid molecules of the plurality ofmolecules of compound, resulting in a molecular association between(“linking”) two or more molecules of compound together. It is intendedto be clear that the use of the term “linking” in this specific instanceis referring to a non-covalent molecular association between the fattyacid molecules of two or more molecules of compound, and should not beconfused with use of the term “linking” in other places throughout thepresently disclosed specification and claims where the term is used torefer to a covalent bond. The macromolecular network, when applied to asubstrate, may form at least a monolayer (a layer that is at least onemolecule of compound in thickness). Whether a monolayer or multilayer(more than a monolayer) is formed depends on such factors as the numberof fatty acids per substrate-binding peptide in each compound, externalfactors of the surrounding environment (pH, hydrophobicity),concentration of compound (e.g., how many molecules of compound areadded together, and relative to the chance of interaction between fattyacid components of individual compounds), and the like. Non-covalentmolecular interactions between two or more fatty acid molecules that maycontribute to formation of the macromolecular network include one ormore of, but are not limited to, hydrogen bonding, van der Waalsinteractions, hydrophobic interactions, and electrostatic interactions.

The terms “first” and “second” are used herein for purposes of thespecification and claims for ease of explanation in differentiatingbetween two different molecules, and are not intended to be limiting thescope of the present invention, nor imply a spatial, sequential, orhierarchical order unless otherwise specifically stated.

The term “non-biological substrate” is used herein for purposes of thespecification and claims to mean a substrate that is not a quality orcomponent of a living system. A non-biological substrate can compriseany form suitable to its intended use including, but not limited to, acontainer, reactor, device, array, medical device, particle (e.g.,microparticle, nanoparticle, and the like), a surface of anon-biological substrate, a diagnostic agent, a drug (e.g., synthesizedsmall molecule drug), a chemical catalyst, a formulation, and acombination thereof. Representative non-biological substrates include,but are not limited to, plastic, silicon, synthetic polymer, metal(including mixed metal alloys), metal oxide (e.g., glass), non-metaloxide, ceramic, carbon-based materials (e.g., graphite, carbonnanotubes, carbon “buckyballs”, and metallo-carbon composites), andcombinations thereof. In addition to medical devices, as described morein detail herein, other non-biological substrates that may benefit fromthe present invention include, but are not limited to, (a) medicalsupplies, such as bandages, dressings, sponges, covers, and the like;(b) laboratory equipment, such as bioreactors, fermentors, test tubes,assay plates, arrays, culture containers, and the like; and (c)packaging or product protection (e.g., packaging materials, coverings(such as wraps)), such as applied to perishables such as foods, drugs,and medical devices. Diagnostic agents include, but are not limited to,radiolabels, radiopaque compounds, calorimetric reagents, dyes,fluorophores, fluorescent molecules, fluorescent nanocrystals,luminescent molecules, chromophores, and the like. Catalysts can beselected from the group consisting of heterogeneous catalysts,homogeneous catalysts, biocatalysts (e.g., enzymes in metabolic orbiological pathways), electrocatalysts (e.g., metal-rich catalysts usedin fuel cells, or energy generation), organocatalysts (simple organicmolecules used as catalysts in chemical reactions), as known to thoseskilled in the art. A preferred non-biological substrate may be used inaccordance with the present invention to the exclusion of anon-biological substrate other than the preferred non-biologicalsubstrate.

The term “metal” is used herein for purposes of the specification andclaims to mean one or more compounds or compositions comprising a metalrepresented in the Periodic Table (e.g., a transition metal, alkalimetals, and alkaline earth metals, each of these comprise metals relatedin structure and function, as classified in the Periodic Table), and mayfurther refer to a metal alloy, a metal oxide, a silicon oxide, andbioactive glass. Examples of preferred metals include, but are notlimited to, titanium, titanium alloy, stainless steel, aluminum,zirconium alloy metal substrate (e.g., Oxinium™), cobalt chromium alloy,gold, silver, rhodium, zinc, tungsten, platinum, rubidium, and copper. Apreferred metal may be used in accordance with the present invention tothe exclusion of a metal other than the preferred metal.

The term “polymer” is used herein for purposes of the specification andclaims to mean a molecule or material comprised of repeating structuralunits (a structural unit typically referred to as a monomer) connectedby covalent chemical bonds. Depending on its intended use, a polymer maybe biodegradable (e.g., one or more of self-dissolving, orbioresorbable, or degradable in vivo) or non-biodegradable; or synthetic(manufactured, and not found in nature) or natural (found in nature, asmade in living tissues of plants and/or animals).

Non-limiting examples of suitable synthetic polymers described as beingbiodegradable include: poly-amino acids; polyanhydrides including maleicanhydride polymers; polycarboxylic acid; some polyethylenes including,but not limited to, polyethylene glycol, polyethylene oxide;polypropylenes, including, but not limited to, polypropylene glycol,polypropylene fumarate; one or more of polylactic acid or polyglycolicacid (and copolymers and mixtures thereof, e.g., poly(L-lactic acid)(PLLA), poly(D,L,-lactide), poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), 50/50(DL-lactide-co-glycolide)); polyorthoesters; polydioxanone;polyphosphazenes; polydepsipeptides; one or more of polycaprolactone(and co-polymers and mixtures thereof, e.g.,poly(D,L-lactide-co-caprolactone) or polycaprolactone co-butylacrylate;polyhydroxybutyrate valerate and blends; some polycarbonates (e.g.,tyrosine-derived polycarbonates and arylates), polyiminocarbonates,calcium phosphates; cyanoacrylate; some polyamides (including nylon);polyurethane; polydimethyltrimethylcarbonates; synthetic cellulosicpolymers (e.g, cellulose acetate, cellulose butyrate, cellophane); andmixtures, combinations, and copolymers of any of the foregoing.Representative natural polymers described as being biodegradable includemacromolecules (such as polysaccharides, e.g., alginate, starch,chitosan, cellulose, or their derivatives (e.g., hydroxypropylmethylcellulose); proteins and polypeptides, e.g., gelatin, collagen, albumin,fibrin, fibrinogen); polyglycosaminoglycans (e.g. hyaluronic acid,chondroitin sulfate); and mixtures, combinations, and copolymers of anyof the foregoing.

Non-limiting examples of suitable synthetic polymers described as beingnon-biodegradable include: inert polyaryletherketones, includingpolyetheretherketone (“PEEK”), polyether ketone, polyetherketoneketone,and polyetherketoneetherketoneketone; polyurethanes; polystyrene, andstyrene-ethylene/butylene-styrene block copolymers; polyisobutylenecopolymers and styrene-isobutylene-styrene block copolymers;polyvinylpyrrolidone; polyvinyl alcohols; copolymers of vinyl monomers;polyvinyl ethers; polyvinyl aromatics; polyethylene oxides; polyestersincluding polyethylene terephthalate; some polyamides; polyacrylamides;polyethers including polyether sulfone; polyalkylenes includingpolypropylene, polyethylene; copolymers of ethylene and polypropylene;some polycarbonates, silicone and silicone rubber; siloxane polymers;polytetrafluoroethylene; expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (e-PTFE);nylons and related polyamide copolymers; nylon; fluorinated ethylenepropylene; hexafluoropropylene, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA);2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (PHEMA); polyimides;polyethyleneterephthalate; polysulfone, and polysulfides; and mixtures,combinations, and copolymers (including cross-linked copolymers) of anyof the foregoing.

The term “ceramic” is used herein for purposes of the specification andclaims to mean inorganic non-metallic materials whose formation is dueto the action of heat. Suitable ceramic materials include but are notlimited to silicon oxides, aluminum oxides, alumina, silica,hydroxyapatites, glasses, quartz, calcium oxides, calcium phosphates,indium tin oxide, polysilanols, phosphorous oxide, and combinationsthereof.

The term “effective amount” is used herein, in referring to acomposition according to the present invention and for purposes of thespecification and claims, to mean an amount sufficient of thecomposition to promote a beneficial property resulting from thecompound, including but not limited to, improved biophysical properties.In the case that the composition also has binding specificity for asubstrate, an “effective amount” may also comprise an amount sufficientso as to mediate binding of the composition to the substrate.

The term “individual”, as used herein for purposes of the specificationand claims, refers to either a human or an animal.

The terms “biological molecule” or “biological substrate” (which maysometimes be used interchangeably herein), as used herein for purposesof the specification and claims, refers to a quality or componentpertaining to living systems. As such, a “biological substrate” cancomprise an organ, a tissue, a cell, components or structures thereof orassociated therewith, or a biological molecule. Thus, a biologicalsubstrate can comprise a biological molecule including, but not limited,to a protein (e.g., an antibody, antibody chain, avimer, collagen,keratin or other proteinaceous tissue component or structure,polypeptide, a receptor, a glycoprotein, a lipoprotein, a hormone, agrowth factor, a cytokine, a chemical mediator, and the like), apeptide, a lipid, a carbohydrate (e.g., a polysaccharide, starch,monosaccharide), a nucleic acid molecule (e.g., an aptamer, DNA, RNA,hybrid nucleic acid molecule, vectors, chemically modified nucleic acidmolecule), an oligomer, a small molecule (e.g., a chemical compound;metabolites, such as sugars, folic acid, uric acid, lactic acid), a drug(e.g., a biological-based drug, hormone, antimicrobial compound, growthfactor, signaling molecule, ligand, etc.), a signaling molecule, aligand, a nucleic acid-protein fusion, fragments thereof, analogsthereof, and a combination thereof. The term “biological substrate” alsoencompasses substrates that have been isolated from a living system, andsubstrates that have been recombinantly or synthetically produced basedon knowledge of a biological substrate such as found in a living system,and biologically-active analogs thereof. While the origin of thebiological molecule or biological substrate is preferably human, it maybe originated from any biological source or organism; e.g., any animal,plant, bacteria, virus, yeast, etc. Typically, a biologically-activeanalog of a biological molecule has a chemical composition having fromabout 1% to about 25% difference, as compared to the chemicalcomposition of the biological molecule from which the analog wasderived. A preferred biological substrate or biological molecule may beused in accordance with the present invention to the exclusion of abiological substrate or biological molecule other than the preferredbiological substrate or biological molecule.

The term “time sufficient for binding” generally refers to a temporalduration sufficient for specific binding of a composition to a substratefor which the composition has binding specificity, as known to thoseskilled in the art. For example, based on the affinity/bindingspecificity of a substrate-binding peptide used in a compositionaccording to the present invention, generally a time sufficient forbinding a composition according to the present invention to a substrateranges from about 5 minutes to no more than 60 minutes.

The term “compound” is used herein, in reference to a composition of thepresent invention and for purposes of the specification and claims, torefer to a molecule comprising fatty acid covalently coupled to asubstrate-binding peptide, either directly or via a linker. Thus, thepeptide is functionalized with one or more molecules of fatty acid, thenumber may depend on the improved biophysical property which is desired(e.g., see Examples 6-9 herein). In one embodiment, the compound of theinvention may be a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or cosmeticallyacceptable salt of a molecule comprising fatty acid covalently coupledto a substrate-binding peptide, either directly or via a linker. Apreferred compound may be used in accordance with the invention to theexclusion of a compound other than the preferred compound.

The term “composition”, as used herein for purposes of the specificationand claims, refers to a macromolecular network comprised of a pluralityof compound according to the invention, wherein non-covalentinteractions between fatty acid components of the plurality of compoundcontribute to association between individual molecules of compound inthe composition, resulting in formation of a macromolecular network, andwhile allowing the substrate-binding peptide components of the pluralityof compound to bind to a substrate for which they have bindingspecificity. As will be described herein in more detail, the molecularnetwork provides the compound with unexpected and beneficial properties,including but not limited to one or more improved biophysicalproperties. A composition of the invention comprises a macromolecularnetwork represented by general formula (I):

(SBP-FA-FA-SBP)_(n)

-   wherein-   SBP comprises a substrate-binding peptide, and more preferably a    substrate-binding peptide in a biofunctional composition comprising    at least two substrate-binding peptides covalently coupled to each    other;-   FA comprises fatty acid;-   wherein FA of one compound associates with FA of one or more other    compounds through non-covalent interactions (as schematically    represented by the “-” in formula (I)) in forming a macromolecular    network capable of binding to a substrate via the substrate-binding    peptide component;-   n is an integer equal to or greater than 1; and-   wherein the composition has improved biophysical properties as    compared to the substrate-binding peptide by itself. In one    preferred embodiment, FA comprises two or more molecules of fatty    acid covalently coupled to each other; or one large fatty acid of    greater or equal to 25 carbons in the carboxylic acid chain. The    term “macromolecular”, when referring to a network of which is    comprised a composition of the invention, means that the network is    comprised of more than one monomeric, molecular unit; and also    refers to a network formed by aggregates of two or more molecules    held together by non-covalent interactions. Preferably, the    non-covalent interactions are sufficient in molecular association so    that the two or more molecules do not readily dissociate. A    preferred composition may be used in accordance with the invention    to the exclusion of a composition other than the preferred    composition.

In addition, the term “composition”, as used herein for purposes of thespecification and claims, refers to a macromolecular network comprisedof a plurality of first and second substrate binding domains that arenon-covalently coupled at least in part through one or more hydrophobicor charged interaction tags according to the presently disclosed subjectmatter, wherein non-covalent interactions between hydrophobic and/orcharged interaction tags of the plurality of substrate binding domaincomprising molecules contribute to association between individualmolecules in the composition resulting in formation of a macromolecularnetwork, and while allowing the substrate-binding domain components ofthe plurality of molecules to bind to a substrate for which they havebinding specificity. In some embodiments, the “compositions” of thepresently disclosed subject matter further comprise the target moleculesto which the plurality of second substrate binding molecules havebinding affinity. When the composition comprising the macromolecularnetwork comprised of a plurality of non-covalently coupled first andsecond substrate binding domains is contacted with a tissue or a medicaldevice in the presence of the target molecule, the composition is usefulfor loading the target molecule onto the tissue or medical device.

Fatty acids are known to those skilled in the art as aliphaticmonocarboxylic acids having a chain of no less than 5 and no more than30 carbons. The fatty acid may be branched, unbranched, saturated,unsaturated, even-numbered carbons, odd-numbered carbons, a monoacid, adi-acid. Preferred fatty acids useful in this invention are fatty acidhaving a chain ranging from 9 carbons to 30 carbons. Also, as describedin more detail herein, one or more (and preferably two or more)molecules of fatty acid may be covalently coupled to single molecule ofsubstrate-binding peptide to form a compound of the invention.Illustrative examples of preferred fatty acids useful for producing acompound of the invention include, but are not limited to, decanoicacid, aminoundecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid,aminohexanoic acid, and stearic acid. A preferred fatty acid may be usedin accordance with the invention to the exclusion of a fatty acid otherthan the preferred fatty acid.

The term “charged interaction tag” is used, for purposes of thespecification and claims, to refer to a molecule, compound, or moietyhaving a net positive or a net negative charge that can non-covalentlyinteract with another charged molecule, compound, or moiety having a netopposite charge through electrostatic interactions. With respect to thepresently disclosed subject matter, the charged interaction tags areused to non-covalently couple one substrate binding peptide or polymerto another substrate binding peptide or polymer. Thus, for example, apositively charged interaction tag coupled to a substrate bindingpeptide couples electrostatically with a negatively charged interactiontag covalently coupled to another substrate binding peptide or coupleselectrostatically with a negatively charged substrate binding polymer.In another example, a negatively charged interaction tag covalentlycoupled to a substrate binding peptide couples electrostatically with apositively charged interaction tag covalently coupled to anothersubstrate binding peptide or couples electrostatically with a positivelycharged substrate binding polymer. In another example, a positivelycharged interaction tag covalently coupled so as to link a first and asecond substrate binding peptide couples electrostatically with anegatively charged interaction tag similarly linking the first andsecond substrate binding peptides on a separate molecule. In thismanner, the two separate molecules, each having a covalently linkedfirst and second substrate binding peptide, are non-covalently coupledthrough the electrostatic interaction. Through such non-covalentelectrostatic interactions, the charged interaction tags of thepresently disclosed subject matter contribute to formation of a higherorder macromolecular network of a plurality of molecules of first andsecond substrate binding domains.

There is no particular size or content limitations for the chargedinteraction tag so long as it has a net positive or a net negativecharge and can fulfill its purpose when covalently coupled to asubstrate-binding peptide or polymer to electrostatically couple with anoppositely charged tag on another substrate binding peptide or anotheroppositely charged substrate binding polymer. In addition, the chargedinteraction tag must allow for the substrate-binding activity of thepeptides and polymers to be substantially retained. In some embodimentsof the presently disclosed subject matter the charged interaction tagsof the presently disclosed subject matter have a molecular weight ofless than 10 kDa.

Examples of positively charged interaction tags include, for example,but are not limited to, poly-amino acids including polylysine andpolyarginine and combinations and copolymers thereof; and polyamines andpolyimines including, for example, polyethylamines, polyethylenimines(PEI), and combinations and copolymers thereof. In one embodiment wherethe positively charged interaction tag is a polyamino acid, thepositively charged interaction tag comprises a net positive charge ofabout +3 to about +50, from about +3 to about +20, from about +4 toabout +17, from about +5 to about +14, from about +6 to about +10, fromabout +6 to about +9, from about +6 to about +8, and from about +6 toabout +7. A positively charged interaction tag that is a polylysine or apolyarginine, or a combination or copolymer thereof, ranges in lengthfrom about 3 amino acids to about 50 amino acids, from about 3 aminoacids to about 40 amino acids, from about 3 amino acids to about 30amino acids, from about 3 amino acids to about 20 amino acids, fromabout 3 amino acids to about 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 aminoacids, from about 4 amino acids to about 10 amino acids, from about 4amino acids to about 9 amino acids, from about 5 amino acids to about 8amino acids, and from about 6 amino acids to about 7 amino acids.

Examples of negatively charged interaction tags include, for example,but are not limited to, poly-amino acids including polyglutamic acid andpolyaspartic acid and combinations and copolymers thereof; polylacticacid, polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), polystyrenesulfonate (PSS), and poly(styrenesulfonic-maleic acid), and combinationsand copolymers thereof. In one embodiment where the negatively chargedinteraction tag is a polyamino acid, the negatively charged interactiontag comprises a net negative charge of about −3 to about −50, from about−3 to about −20, from about −4 to about −17, from about −5 to about −14,from about −6 to about −10, from about −6 to about −9, from about −6 toabout −8, and from about −6 to about −7. A negatively chargedinteraction tag that is a polyaspartic acid or a polyglutamic acid, or acombination or copolymer thereof, ranges in length from about 3 aminoacids to about 50 amino acids, from about 3 amino acids to about 40amino acids, from about 3 amino acids to about 30 amino acids, fromabout 3 amino acids to about 20 amino acids, from about 3 amino acids toabout 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, or 19 amino acids, from about 4amino acids to about 10 amino acids, from about 4 amino acids to about 9amino acids, from about 5 amino acids to about 8 amino acids, and fromabout 6 amino acids to about 7 amino acids.

The term “hydrophobic interaction tag” is used, for purposes of thespecification and claims, to refer to a molecule, compound, or moietythat is hydrophobic in nature and non-covalently interacts with anothermolecule, compound, or moiety that is hydrophobic in nature. Withrespect to the presently disclosed subject matter, the hydrophobicinteraction tags are used to non-covalently couple one substrate bindingpeptide or substrate binding polymer domain to other substrate bindingpeptide or polymer domains through interactions including, but notlimited to, all non-electrostatic interactions such as hydrophobicinteractions, van der Waals interactions, and pi-stacking interactions.

Thus, for example, a hydrophobic interaction tag covalently coupled to afirst substrate binding peptide or polymer can non-covalently couplewith another hydrophobic interaction tag covalently coupled to a secondsubstrate binding peptide or polymer. In another example, a hydrophobicinteraction tag covalently coupled so as to link a first and a secondsubstrate binding peptide non-covalently couples with a hydrophobicinteraction tag covalently coupled to link the first and secondsubstrate binding peptides on a separate molecule. In this manner, thetwo separate molecules, each having a linked first and second substratebinding peptide are non-covalently coupled together. Through suchnon-covalent interactions the hydrophobic interaction tags of thepresently disclosed subject matter contribute to formation of a higherorder macromolecular network of a plurality of first and secondsubstrate binding domains. There is no particular size or contentlimitations for the hydrophobic interaction tag so long as it ishydrophobic in nature and can fulfill its purpose to non-covalentlycouple separate substrate binding peptides and/or polymers, and thesubstrate-binding activity of the peptides/polymers is substantiallyretained. In some embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matterthe hydrophobic interaction tags of the presently disclosed subjectmatter have a molecular weight of less than 10 kDa.

Examples of hydrophobic interaction tags include, for example, but arenot limited to, poly-amino acids (natural and non-natural and D- andL-isomers) including combinations, strings, and copolymers of veryhydrophobic amino acids such as valine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine,tryptophan, phenylalanine, biphenylalanine, N-methylisoleucine;N-methylvaline; norvaline; norleucine; and less hydrophobic amino acidssuch as alanine, and tyrosine. Another example of hydrophobicinteraction tags of the presently disclosed subject matter is fattyacids. The fatty acids of the presently disclosed subject matter includesaturated and unsaturated fatty acids such as but not limited to butyricacid, caproic acid (or amino hexanoic acid (“Ahx”)), caprylic acid,capric acid, undecanoic acid, aminoundecanoic acid (AU D),poly-aminoundecanoic acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid,stearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid, lignoceric acid, eicosanoicacid, docosanoic acid, tetracosanoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleicacid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, α-linolenic acid, arachidonic acid,eicosapentaenoic acid, erucic acid, and docosahexaenoic acid. Anotherexample of hydrophobic interaction tags of the presently disclosedsubject matter are aromatic groups including pyrene or pi-stackinginteractions such as with combinations of tyrosine and tryptophan.

The term “first substrate-binding peptide” is herein usedinterchangeably with the term “first substrate-binding domain” is usedfor purposes of the specification and claims, to refer to a peptidehaving ranging in length from 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 or more amino acids in length that hasbinding affinity for the tissue or medical device that is the firstsubstrate of the presently disclosed subject matter.

The term “second substrate-binding peptide” is herein usedinterchangeably with the term “second substrate-binding domain” and isused for purposes of the specification and claims, to refer to a peptidehaving ranging in length from 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14,15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32,33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 or 40 or more amino acids in length that hasbinding affinity for the tissue or medical device that is the firstsubstrate of the presently disclosed subject matter.

The phrase “first substrate-binding polymer having a net positivecharge” is herein used interchangeably with the term “firstsubstrate-binding domain”, and is used, for purposes of thespecification and claims, to refer to a polymer having a net positivecharge that has binding affinity for the tissue or medical device thatis the first substrate of the presently disclosed subject matter. Withrespect to the presently disclosed subject matter, the substrate-bindingpolymer having a net positive charge includes those polymers thatnon-covalently couple to the tissue or medical device. There is noparticular size or content limitations for the substrate-binding polymerhaving a net positive charge so long as it fulfills its purpose ofelectrostatically coupling with the tissue or medical device. In someembodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, the positivelycharged substrate-binding polymers of the presently disclosed subjectmatter have a molecular weight ranging from more than 1 kDa to about 700kDa, from about 5 kDa to about 700 kDa, from about 5 kDa to about 100kDa, from about 6 kDa, 7 kDa, 8 kDa, 9 kDa, or 10 kDa to about 50 kDa,from about 10 kDa to about 20 kDa, 30 kDa, or 40 kDa. Thesubstrate-binding polymer having a net positive charge includes but isnot limited to polymers such as, for example, poly-amino acids includingpolylysine and polyarginine and combinations and copolymers thereof;some polyamides including, for example, nylon and silk; polyamines andpolyimines including, for example, polyethylamines, branched and linearpolyethylenimines (PEI) and mixtures, combinations, and copolymersthereof. The positively charged substrate-binding polymers of thepresently disclosed subject matter have a molecular weight ranging frommore than 1 kDa to about 700 kDa, from about 5 kDa to about 700 kDa,from about 5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 6 kDa, 7 kDa, 8 kDa, 9kDa, or 10 kDa to about 50 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 20 kDa, 30kDa, or 40 kDa.

The phrase “first substrate-binding polymer having a net negativecharge” is used, for purposes of the specification and claims, to referto a polymer having a net negative charge that has binding affinity forthe tissue or medical device that is the first substrate of thepresently disclosed subject matter. With respect to the presentlydisclosed subject matter, the negatively charged substrate bindingpolymer includes those polymers that non-covalently couple to the tissueor medical device. There is no particular size or content limitationsfor the substrate-binding polymer having a net negative charge so longas it fulfills its purpose of electrostatically coupling with the tissueor medical device. In some embodiments of the presently disclosedsubject matter, the negatively charged substrate-binding polymers of thepresently disclosed subject matter have a molecular weight ranging frommore than 1 kDa to about 700 kDa, from about 5 kDa to about 700 kDa,from about 5 kDa to about 100 kDa, from about 6 kDa, 7 kDa, 8 kDa, 9kDa, or 10 kDa to about 50 kDa, from about 10 kDa to about 20 kDa, 30kDa, or 40 kDa. The negatively charged first substrate-binding polymerincludes but is not limited to polymers such as, for example, poly-aminoacids including polyglutamic acid, polyaspartic acid and combinationsand copolymers thereof, polycarboxylic acids; polylactic acid,polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), polymannuronicacid, polygalacturonic acid, polyglucuronic acid, polyguluronic acid,polystyrenesulfonic acids and combinations and copolymers thereof;polysaccharides, e.g., alginate, starch, chitin, carrageenan (sulfatedpolysaccharides), heparin, and pectin and their derivatives; celluloseand cellulosic polymers including, for example, carboxy methyl cellulose(“CMC”), hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulosebutyrate, and cellophane; polyglycosaminoglycans including, for example,hyaluronic acid, chondroitin sulfate; and mixtures, combinations, andcopolymers thereof.

The first substrate-binding peptide or polymer is also referred toherein for purposes of simplicity as the first substrate-binding domain.Similarly, the second substrate-binding peptide is also referred toherein as a substrate-binding domain. Accordingly, all of the first andsecond substrate-binding peptides and polymers can be referred to hereinas substrate-binding domains.

The term “linker” is used, for purposes of the specification and claims,to refer to a compound or moiety that acts as a molecular bridge tocouple at least two different molecules (e.g., with respect to thepresent invention, coupling a fatty acid to a peptide, coupling onesubstrate binding peptide or polymer to another substrate bindingpeptide or polymer, coupling a charged interaction tag or a hydrophobicinteraction tag to a substrate binding peptide or polymer). Thus, forexample, coupling at least one fatty acid to an amino acid of a peptidemay involve one portion of the linker binding to the at least one fattyacid, and another portion of the linker binding to a chemical moiety ofthe amino acid of the peptide to be functionalized with the at least onefatty acid. As apparent to those skilled in the art, and using methodsknown in the art, two different molecules may be coupled to the linkerin a step-wise manner, or may be coupled simultaneously to the linker.There is no particular size or content limitations for the linker solong as it can fulfill its purpose as a molecular bridge, and that thebinding specificity of a substrate-binding peptide or a substratebinding-domain in a coating composition is substantially retained.

Linkers are known to those skilled in the art to include, but are notlimited to, chemical compounds (e.g., chemical chains, compounds,reagents, and the like). The linkers may include, but are not limitedto, homobifunctional linkers and heterobifunctional linkers.Heterobifunctional linkers, well known to those skilled in the art,contain one end having a first reactive functionality (or chemicalmoiety) to specifically link a first molecule, and an opposite endhaving a second reactive functionality to specifically link to a secondmolecule. It will be evident to those skilled in the art that a varietyof bifunctional or polyfunctional reagents, both homo- andhetero-functional (such as those described in the catalog of the PierceChemical Co., Rockford, Ill.), amino acid linkers (typically, a shortpeptide of between 3 and 15 amino acids, and often containing aminoacids such as glycine, and/or serine), and polymers (e.g., polyethyleneglycol) may be employed as a linker with respect to the presentinvention. In one embodiment, representative peptide linkers comprisemultiple reactive sites to be coupled to a binding domain (e.g.,polylysines, polyornithines, polycysteines, polyglutamic acid andpolyaspartic acid) or comprise substantially inert peptide linkers(e.g., polyglycine, polyserine, polyproline, polyalanine, and otheroligopeptides comprising alanyl, serinyl, prolinyl, or glycinyl aminoacid residues.

Suitable polymeric linkers are known in the art, and can comprise asynthetic polymer or a natural polymer. Representative syntheticpolymers include but are not limited to polyethers (e.g., poly(ethyleneglycol) (“PEG”)), poly(propylene glycol), poly(butylene glycol),polyesters (e.g., polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA)),polyamines, polyamides (e.g., nylon), polyurethanes, polymethacrylates(e.g., polymethylmethacrylate; PMMA), polyacrylic acids, polystyrenes,polyhexanoic acid, flexible chelators such as EDTA, EGTA, and othersynthetic polymers which preferably have a molecular weight of about 20Daltons to about 1,000 kiloDaltons. Representative natural polymersinclude but are not limited to hyaluronic acid, alginate, chondroitinsulfate, fibrinogen, fibronectin, albumin, collagen, calmodulin, andother natural polymers which preferably have a molecular weight of about200 Daltons to about 20,000 kiloDaltons (for constituent monomers).Polymeric linkers can comprise a diblock polymer, a multi-blockcopolymer, a comb polymer, a star polymer, a dendritic or branchedpolymer, a hybrid linear-dendritic polymer, a branched chain comprisedof lysine, or a random copolymer. A linker can also comprise amercapto(amido)carboxylic acid, an acrylamidocarboxylic acid, anacrylamido-amidotriethylene glycolic acid, 7-aminobenzoic acid, andderivatives thereof. In another example, a linker can be the charged orthe hydrophobic interaction tag of the presently disclosed subjectmatter. Linkers may also be generated during the coupling process such a‘trizole nucleus’ that is generated as a linker during thecopper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (e.g., “click chemistry”) orany other methods such as chemoselective ligation chemistry well knownin the art.

If desired, a predetermined amount of the plurality of compound in themacromolecular network may be synthesized so as to be susceptible tocleavage (e.g., so as to promote biodegraDation after the macromolecularnetwork has served its intended purpose), e.g., by choice of aparticular linker between the fatty acid component and the peptidecomponent of the compound. Cleavable linkers are known in the art thatto be cleaved by a number of mechanisms (e.g., by heat, by naturalenzymes found in or on the body of an individual, by pH sensitivity).Examples of pH-sensitive materials useful as linkers may include, butare not limited to, cellulose acetate phthalate, cellulose acetatetrimellitate, polyvinyl acetate phthalate, hydroxypropyl methylcellulosephthalate, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose acetate succinate. Anexample of a linker cleaved by natural enzymes may comprise an aminoacid linker comprised of a short chain of (e.g., 3 to 8) amino acids,with a C-terminal amino acid residue comprising lysine or arginine, andcleavage of the linker is via serum carboxypeptiDases (N or R or both)which cleave C-terminal lysine or arginine residues.

Depending on such factors as the molecules to be linked, and theconditions in which the linking is performed, the linker may vary inlength and composition for optimizing such properties as preservation ofbiological function, stability, resistance to certain chemical,enzymatic, and/or temperature parameters, and of sufficientstereo-selectivity or size. For example, where the compound of theinvention comprises a fatty acid linked to a substrate-binding peptide,the linker should not significantly interfere with the ability of acompound according to the present invention to sufficiently bindspecifically, with appropriate avidity for the purpose, to a substratefor which the substrate-binding peptide has the ability to bind. Apreferred linker may be a molecule which may have activities whichenhance or complement the effect of a compound or composition of thepresent invention. A preferred linker may be used in the presentinvention to the exclusion of a linker other than the preferred linker.

The interaction tags of the presently disclosed subject matter arecovalently coupled (or covalently linked) to the substrate bindingpeptides and polymers of the presently disclosed subject matter. Theterms “covalently coupled”, “covalently linked”, and “linked” are forthe purposes of the specification and claims to have the same meaningand are herein used interchangeably. In one embodiment of the presentlydisclosed subject matter, the covalent coupling between the interactiontag and the substrate binding domain is a direct coupling between achemical group on the hydrophobic or charged interaction tag to achemical group on the substrate binding peptide or polymer. In anotherembodiment, the covalent coupling is an indirect coupling throughanother group. For example, in some embodiments the charged andhydrophobic interaction tags of the presently disclosed subject matterare linked in a manner including, but not limited to, linked directly,linked through one or more amino acids, linked through a proline aminoacid residue, linked through a polymer, linked through a polyethyleneglycol (“PEG”) polymer, linked through a 10 unit polyethylene glycol(“P10”) polymer, linked through a 6 unit polyethylene glycol (“MP”)polymer, linked through one or more fatty acid molecules, and linkedthrough one or more aminohexanoic acid molecules.

The terms “binds specifically” or “binding specificity” or “bindingaffinity” and like terms used herein, are interchangeably used, for thepurposes of the specification and claims, to refer to the ability of apeptide and (as a substrate-binding domain is described herein) to havea binding affinity that is greater for one target substrate selected tobe bound over another substrate other than the target substrate; e.g.,an affinity for a given substrate in a heterogeneous population of othersubstrates which is greater than, for example, that attributable tonon-specific adsorption. For example, a peptide has binding specificityfor metal when the peptide demonstrates preferential binding to metal,as compared to binding to another non-biological substrate such as apolymer or a biological substrate (e.g., a cell). Such preferentialbinding may be dependent upon the presence of a particular conformation,structure, and/or charge on or within the peptide and/or material forwhich it has binding specificity.

In some embodiments, a peptide that binds specifically to a particularsubstrate, material or composition binds at least 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%,50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%,100%, 200%, 300%, 400%, 500%, or a higherpercentage, than the peptide binds to an appropriate control such as,for example, a different substrate, or a protein typically used for suchcomparisons such as bovine serum albumin. For example, bindingspecificity can determined by an assay in which quantitated is a signal(e.g., fluorescence, or calorimetric) representing the relative amountof binding between a peptide and a substrate. In a preferred embodiment,a peptide has a binding specificity that is characterized by a relativebinding affinity as measured by an EC50 of 10 μM or less, preferablyless than 1 μM, and more preferably less than 0.1 μM. The EC50 can bedetermined using any number of methods known in the art, such as bygenerating a concentration response curve from a binding assay in whichthe concentration of the peptide is titered with a known amount of thesubstrate for which the peptide has binding specificity. In such case,the EC50 represents the concentration of peptide producing 50% of themaximal binding observed for that peptide in the assay.

The term “peptide” is used herein, for the purposes of the specificationand claims to refer to chain of contiguous amino acids comprising noless than about 3 amino acids and no more than about 100 amino acidresidues in length, and more preferably from about 8 amino acids toabout 60 amino acids. The amino acid chain may include naturallyoccurring amino acids, synthetic amino acids, genetically encoded aminoacids, non-genetically encoded amino acids, one or more enantiomers ofan amino acid, and combinations thereof; an oligomer of the peptide (aspreviously described herein); a peptide derivative (including, forexample, peptide conjugate, cyclized peptide, polymerized peptide,chemically modified peptide, and a peptide mimetic). As known to thoseskilled in the art, polypeptide (also known as a “protein”) comprises anamino acid chain larger than a peptide. As used herein, the term“peptide” also encompasses a peptide wherein one or more of the peptidebonds are replaced by pseudopeptide bonds including but not limited to acarba bond (CH₂—CH₂), a depsi bond (CO—O), a hydroxyethylene bond(CHOH—CH₂), a ketomethylene bond (CO—CH₂), a methylene-oxy bond (CH₂—O),a reduced bond (CH₂NH), a thiomethylene bond (CH₂—S), an N-modified bond(—NRCO), and a thiopeptide bond (CS—NH). A peptide or polypeptide(protein) used in accordance with the present invention may be producedby chemical synthesis, recombinant expression, biochemical or enzymaticfragmentation of a larger molecule, chemical cleavage of largermolecule, biological assembly, a combination of the foregoing or, ingeneral, made by any other method in the art, and preferably isolated. Apreferred peptide may be used in the present invention to the exclusionof a peptide other than the preferred peptide.

A peptide, used as a component of the compound according to theinvention, may also comprise an oligomer (e.g., dimer, multimer) of thesame peptide amino acid sequence or comprised of two or more differentamino acid sequences. For example, two or more substrate-bindingpeptides are coupled together (e.g., by one or more of physically,chemically, synthetically, or biologically (e.g., via recombinantexpression)) in such a way that each retains its respective function tobind to the respective substrate for which each has binding specificity.Such coupling may include forming a multimeric molecule having two ormore peptides having binding specificity the same substrate (e.g., twoor more polymer binders), two or more peptides having bindingspecificity for different substrates (e.g., one or more metal binders,and one or more polymer binders), and a combination thereof. Forexample, using standard reagents and methods known in the art of peptidechemistry, two peptides may be coupled via a side chain-to-side chainbond (e.g., where each of the peptides has a side chain amine (e.g.,such as the epsilon amine of lysine)), a side chain-to-N terminal bond(e.g., coupling the N-terminal amine of one peptide with the side chainamine of the other peptide), a side chain-to-C-terminal bond (e.g.,coupling the C-terminal chemical moiety (e.g., carboxyl) of one peptidewith the side chain amine of the other peptide), anN-terminal-to-N-terminal bond, an N-terminal to C-terminal bond, aC-terminal to C-terminal bond, or a combination thereof. In synthetic orrecombinant expression, two or more peptides can be coupled directly toa peptide by synthesizing or expressing the two or more peptides as asingle peptide. The coupling of two or more peptides may also be via alinker to form substrate-binding peptide used in the compositionaccording to the present invention.

The term “isolated” means that a molecule (e.g., compound of theinvention) is substantially free of components which have not becomepart of the integral structure of the molecule itself; e.g., such assubstantially free of cellular material or culture medium when producedby recombinant techniques, or substantially free of chemical precursorsor other chemicals when chemically synthesized or produced usingbiochemical, enzymatic, recombinant, or chemical processes.

The term “amino acid” is used herein, for the purposes of thespecification and claims to refer to one or more of: an L-form aminoacid, D-form amino acid, natural amino acid (genetically encoded aminoacid), non-genetically encoded amino acid, and a chemically-modifiedamino acid (e.g. containing one or more protecting groups, or chemicalend group, as will be described herein in more detail). Representativenon-genetically encoded amino acids include but are not limited to2-aminoadipic acid; 3-aminoadipic acid; β-aminopropionic acid;2-aminobutyric acid; 4-aminobutyric acid (piperidinic acid);6-aminocaproic acid; 2-aminoheptanoic acid; 2-aminoiso-butyric acid;3-aminoisobutyric acid; 2-aminopimelic acid; 2,4-diaminobutyric acid;biphenylalanine, desmosine; 2,2′-diaminopimelic acid;2,3-diaminopropionic acid; N-ethylglycine; N-ethylasparagine;hydroxylysine; allo-hydroxylysine; 3-hydroxyproline; 4-hydroxyproline;isodesmosine; allo-isoleucine; N-methylglycine(sarcosine);N-methylisoleucine; N-methylvaline; norvaline; norleucine; ornithine;and 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-L-alanine (“DOPA”). Representativechemically modified amino acids include, for example, those molecules inwhich free amino groups have been derivatized to form aminehydrochlorides, p-toluene sulfonyl groups, carbobenzoxy groups,t-butyloxycarbonyl groups, chloroacetyl groups or formyl groups. Freecarboxyl groups can be derivatized to form salts, methyl and ethylesters or other types of esters or hydrazides. Free hydroxyl groups canbe derivatized to form O-acyl or O-alkyl derivatives. The imidazolenitrogen of histidine can be derivatized to form N-im-benzylhistidine.Also, a chemically-modified amino acid, for example, comprises achemical moiety (an “N-terminal group”) added to an amino acid, such asan N-terminal amino acid on a peptide, to block chemical reactivity ofthat amino terminus. Peptides containing amino acids protected bychemical modification are termed “modified peptides”. Such N-terminalgroups for protecting the amino terminus of a peptide are well known inthe art, and include, but are not limited to, lower alkanoyl groups,acyl groups, sulfonyl groups, and carbamate forming groups. PreferredN-terminal groups may include acetyl, Fmoc, and Boc. A chemical moiety,added to the C-terminal amino acid of a peptide to block chemicalreactivity of that carboxy terminus, comprises a C-terminal group. SuchC-terminal groups for protecting the carboxy terminus are well known inthe art, and include, but are not limited to, an ester or amide group.Such terminal modifications are often useful to reduce susceptibility byproteinase digestion, and to therefore prolong a half-life of aminoacids and peptides in the presence of biological fluids where proteasescan be present. Optionally, a chemically modified amino acid may be onethat is modified to contain one or more chemical moieties (e.g.,reactive functionalities such as fluorine, bromine, or iodine) tofacilitate linking the peptide to a linker molecule or fatty acid.

The term “carrier medium” is herein used interchangeably with the term“pharmaceutically acceptable solution”, when used herein for purposes ofthe specification and claims, means a medium to which is added compoundaccording to the present invention. In one embodiment, a composition ofthe invention may be formed by adding compound and the carrier mediumtogether under sufficient conditions to form macromolecular network ofwhich is comprised the composition. As known to those skilled in theart, components included in a carrier medium will often depend on theintended use of the resultant composition. Examples of such a carriermedium include, but are not limited to, a liquid, a pharmaceuticallyacceptable carrier, a cosmetically acceptable carrier, aqueous solution,aqueous or non-aqueous solvent, suspension, emulsion, gel, paste,formulation, cream, lotion, powder, serum, and a combination thereof. Asknown to those skilled in the art, a carrier medium may comprise one orsubstances, including but not limited to, water, buffered water, medicalparenteral vehicles, saline, 0.3% glycine, aqueous alcohols, isotonicaqueous buffer; and may further include one or more substances such asalginic acid, water-soluble polymer, glycerol, glycols (e.g.,polyethylene glycol), polyols (e.g., glycerin, sorbitol, etc.), oils,salts (such as sodium, potassium, magnesium and ammonium, phosphonates),esters (e.g., carbonate esters, ethyl oleate, ethyl laurate, etc.),fatty acids, vitamins, protein, carbohydrates, polysaccharides,starches, glycoproteins (for enhanced stability), buffering agents(e.g., magnesium hydroxide, aluminum hydroxide, and the like), bulkingagents, excipients, wetting agents, and preservatives (including, butnot limited to, ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfite,ascorbyl palmitate, tocopherol), and/or stabilizers (to increaseshelf-life or as necessary and suitable for manufacture and distributionof the composition).

The term “medical device” is used herein, as used herein for purposes ofthe specification and claims, refers to a structure that is positionedor positionable into or onto an individual's body to prevent, treat,modulate or ameliorate damage or a disorder or disease or condition,repair or restore a function of a damaged tissue; or to provide a newfunction. In a preferred embodiment in which applied to a medical deviceis a compound or composition according to the invention, the medicaldevice comprises at least one substrate or surface with which iscontacted a compound or composition according to the invention.Representative medical devices include, but are not limited to: hipendoprostheses, artificial joints, jaw or facial implants, dentalimplants, tendon and ligament replacements, skin replacements, metalreplacements and metal screws, metal nails or pins, metal graft devices,polymer-containing grafts, vascular prostheses, heart pacemakers,artificial heart valves, blood filters, closure devices (e.g., forclosure of wounds, incisions, or defects in tissues, including but notlimited to skin and other organs (heart, stomach, liver, etc.)),sutures, breast implants, penile implants, stents, catheters, shunts,nerve growth guides, leads for battery-powered medical devices,intraocular lenses, wound dressings, tissue sealants, aneurismal coils,prostheses (e.g., cochlear implants, visual prostheses (including, butnot limited to, contact lenses, and other visual aid devices),neurostimulators, muscular stimulators, joint prosthesis, a spinal cordimplant (e.g., an implant for bridging a gap in a severed spinal cord ornerve, typically used to promote nerve regeneration), dental prosthesis,etc.), ophthalmic devices (glaucoma shunts, ophthalmic inserts,intraocular lenses, overlay lenses, ocular inserts, optical inserts),and nebulizers. Medical devices may be comprised of one or morenon-biological substrates, one or more biological substrates, and acombination thereof. A preferred medical device may be used inaccordance with the present invention to the exclusion of a medicaldevice other than the preferred medical device.

The phrase “substrate is a tissue or a medical device” is used hereinfor purposes of the specification and claims to mean a substrate that isa tissue or a medical device as the term “tissue” and the term “medicaldevice” is defined herein. The term “tissue” is herein meant to compriseliving animal tissue or a tissue isolated or extracted from a livinganimal. The term “tissue” comprises a material selected from the groupconsisting of an animal tissue, an autologous tissue, an allogeneictissue, a transplanted tissue, an organ tissue, a bone tissue, a skintissue, a connective tissue, a muscle tissue, a nervous tissue, apolymer, a collagen, and a calcium phosphate based material, andcombinations thereof. In addition to the definition of the term “medicaldevice” herein above, the term “medical device” comprises a materialselected from the group consisting an allogeneic tissue, a transplantedtissue, a polymer, a silk, a collagen, a synthetic polymer, a polyester,a polyurethane, a nylon, a polylactic acid, a polyglycolic acid,poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), a plastic, a silicone material, ametal, a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a ceramic material, a calciumphosphate based material, a carbon-based material, a metallo-carboncomposite, and combinations thereof. In some aspects the term “medicaldevice” comprises certain “non-biological substrates” as used herein.For example, the phrase “substrate is a medical device” furtherincludes, but is not limited to, a container, reactor, device, array,medical device, particle (e.g., microparticle, nanoparticle, and thelike), and a combination thereof. The phrase “substrate is a medicaldevice” further includes, but is not limited to (a) medical supplies,such as bandages, dressings, sponges, covers, and the like; (b)laboratory equipment, such as bioreactors, fermentors, test tubes, assayplates, arrays, culture containers, and the like; and (c) packaging orproduct protection (e.g., packaging materials, coverings (such aswraps)), such as applied to perishables such as foods, drugs, andmedical devices.

The term ““target molecule” is used herein for purposes of thespecification and claims to mean the target molecule is selected fromthe group consisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growthfactor, a growth differentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growthfactor (PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenicprotein, a bone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone,a parathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, avancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinationsthereof. In some aspects the term “target molecule” comprises certain“biological substrates” as used herein. For example, a target moleculecan comprise a biological molecule including, but not limited, to aprotein (e.g., an antibody, antibody chain, avimer, collagen, keratin orother proteinaceous tissue component or structure, polypeptide, areceptor, a glycoprotein, a lipoprotein, a hormone, a growth factor, acytokine, a chemical mediator, and the like), a peptide, a lipid, acarbohydrate (e.g., a polysaccharide, starch, monosaccharide), a nucleicacid molecule (e.g., an aptamer, DNA, RNA, hybrid nucleic acid molecule,vectors, chemically modified nucleic acid molecule), an oligomer, asmall molecule (e.g., a chemical compound; metabolites, such as sugars,folic acid, uric acid, lactic acid), a drug (e.g., a biological-baseddrug, hormone, antimicrobial compound, growth factor, signalingmolecule, ligand, etc.), a signaling molecule, a ligand, a nucleicacid-protein fusion, fragments thereof, analogs thereof, and acombination thereof.

The term “drug delivery vehicle”, when used herein for purposes of thespecification and claims, means a carrier for one or more biologicallyactive agents; preferably, the carrier comprising a microparticle,liposome, polymer, carrier structure (e.g., matrix formed of biologicalsubstrate or a non-biological substrate or a combination thereof), orcombination thereof, and generally in the size range of nanometers tomicrons.

The terms “covalent coupling”, “covalently coupled” and like terms,refer to a covalent bond being formed between two molecules. Covalentcoupling may be achieved by any means known in the art. For example, afirst molecule comprises a reactive functionality comprising a chemicalgroup which can covalently bond with a chemical-reactive group (reactivewith the chemical group of the first molecule) of a second molecule.Free chemical groups include, but are not limited to, a thiol carboxyl,hydroxyl, amino, amine, sulfo, phosphate, or the like; whereaschemical-reactive groups include, but are not limited to, thiol-reactivegroup, carboxyl-reactive group, hydroxyl-reactive group, amino-reactivegroup, amine-reactive group, sulfo-reactive group, or the like.

The terms “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” and “cosmeticallyacceptable salt”, when used herein for purposes of the specification andclaims, is known in the art to mean that the compound or compositionaccording to the invention may also be in the form of a salt.Preferably, the salt form retains one or more beneficial properties ofthe compound or composition of the invention. Typically, salts areformed with inorganic acids (e.g., phosphoric acid, hydrochloric acid,sulfuric acid, and the like), organic acids (e.g., acetic acid, benzoicacid, propionic acid, maleic acid, glycolic acid, succinic acid,N-acetylcysteine, and the like), and other salts known to those skilledin the art which can be readily adapted for use as a compound orcomposition according to the invention.

In one embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter providescompositions comprising a first substrate-binding peptide (or a firstsubstrate-binding polymer having a net positive or a net negativecharge) having binding affinity for a tissue or a medical device, asecond substrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for a targetmolecule, wherein the first and second substrate-binding domains are notcovalently linked, and the target molecule (see, for example FIG. 3).Each of the first and second substrate-binding peptides/polymers iscovalently coupled to at least one interaction tag selected from thegroup consisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a negatively chargedinteraction tag, and a positively charged interaction tag (see FIG. 3).When the substrate-binding peptide/polymer molecules are combined, thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the chargedinteraction tags interact with the oppositely charged interaction tagsor the oppositely charged substrate binding polymers, to form amacromolecular network of non-covalently coupled first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides/polymers (see, for example, FIGS. 4A-C(peptides) & 5A-5C (polymer/peptide)). In this manner, thesubstrate-binding peptide/polymer molecules are useful when combinedwith the target molecule for coating onto the tissue or medical deviceto achieve loading of the target molecule onto the tissue or medicaldevice (see, e.g., Examples 17-19). In some embodiments, the firstsubstrate-binding peptide/polymer, the second substrate-binding peptide,and the target molecule are present in a pharmaceutically acceptablesolution. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable solutionis in the form of a gel. In some embodiments, the tissue or medicaldevice is first coated with one or more of the first or second substratebinding peptide/polymer, rather than being coated after the threecomponents are mixed together. The order of coating the tissue ormedical device with the composition comprising a first and a secondsubstrate-binding peptide/polymer and a target molecule can be varied.

The first substrate-binding peptide or polymer is also referred toherein for purposes of simplicity as the first substrate-binding domain.Similarly, the second substrate-binding peptide is also referred toherein as a substrate-binding domain. Accordingly, all of the first andsecond substrate-binding peptides and polymers can be referred to hereinas substrate-binding domains. In addition, the substrate bindingmolecules depicted in FIGS. 4A-4C and 5A-5C are not meant to attempt todescribe every possible combination of covalently coupled interactiontag on a substrate binding domain. For example, the first and secondsubstrate binding domains can comprise any combination of one or morehydrophobic and charged interaction tag, as long as the combinationallows for a plurality of first and second substrate binding moleculesto form a non-covalent coupling with each other according to the rulesof hydrophobic tags interacting with each other and charged interactiontags interacting with other oppositely charged interaction tags. Oneembodiment, for example, that is not depicted in either FIG. 4A-4C orFIG. 5A-5C is the embodiment where the charged interaction tags areabsent and each of the first and second binding domains comprises acovalently coupled hydrophobic interaction tag.

In some embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter acomposition is provided comprising a plurality of a firstsubstrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein thefirst substrate is a tissue or a medical device and the firstsubstrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for the tissue or themedical device; a plurality of a second substrate-binding peptidecomprising of 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrate is atarget molecule and the second substrate-binding peptide has bindingaffinity for the target molecule, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are not covalently linked; and a plurality ofthe target molecule; wherein each of the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides is covalently coupled to at least oneinteraction tag selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobicinteraction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and a negativelycharged interaction tag, wherein the hydrophobic interaction tagsinteract with each other and the positively charged interaction tagsinteract with the negatively charged interaction tags to form amacromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled first and second substrate-binding peptides.

In some embodiments, the first substrate tissue or medical devicecomprises a material selected from the group consisting of an animaltissue, an autologous tissue, an allogeneic tissue, a transplantedtissue, an organ tissue, a bone tissue, a skin tissue, a connectivetissue, a muscle tissue, a nervous tissue, a polymer, a silk, acollagen, a synthetic polymer, a polyester, a polyurethane, a nylon, apolylactic acid, a polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolicacid), a plastic, a silicone material, a metal, a metal oxide, anon-metal oxide, a ceramic material, a calcium phosphate based material,a carbon-based material, a metallo-carbon composite, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the target molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growth factor, agrowth differentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenic protein, abone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone, aparathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, avancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the charged interaction tag is selected from thegroup consisting of polylysine, polyarginine, polyamines, polyimines,polyethylamines, polyethylenimines (PEI), polyaspartic acid,polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, poly(styrenesulfonic-maleicacid), and combinations and copolymers thereof.

In some embodiments, the hydrophobic interaction tag is selected fromthe group consisting of fatty acids, undecanoic acid, poly-undecanoicacid, myristic acid, amino hexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid,palmitic acid, stearic acid, aromatic compounds, and combinations andcopolymers thereof.

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the positively chargedinteraction tag covalently coupled to the first substrate bindingpeptide is polyarginine and the negatively charged interaction tagcovalently coupled to the second substrate binding peptide ispolyglutamic acid or polyaspartic acid, the positively and negativelycharged interaction tags are coupled to the substrate binding peptidedirectly or coupled through a polyethylene glycol, and the hydrophobicinteraction tag is absent. In some embodiments, the first substratebinding polymer having a positive charge is polyethyleneimine of variousmolecular weights.

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the positively chargedinteraction tag covalently coupled to the first substrate bindingpeptide is polyarginine and the negatively charged interaction tagcovalently coupled to the second substrate binding peptide ispolyglutamic acid or polyaspartic acid, the positively and negativelycharged interaction tags are coupled to the substrate binding peptidesdirectly by a peptide bond or coupled through a polyethylene glycol, thehydrophobic interaction tag is poly-undecanoic acid and is covalentlycoupled to either the first or the second substrate binding peptidedirectly, through a polyethylene glycol, or through an aminohexanoicacid.

In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter provides acomposition comprising a plurality of a first substrate-binding polymerhaving a net negative or a net positive charge, wherein the firstsubstrate is a tissue or medical device and the first substrate-bindingpolymer has binding affinity for the tissue or medical device; aplurality of a second substrate-binding peptide of 3 to 40 amino acids,wherein the second substrate is a target molecule and the secondsubstrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for the target molecule,wherein the first substrate-binding polymer and the secondsubstrate-binding peptide are not covalently linked; and a plurality ofthe target molecule, wherein the plurality of second substrate-bindingpeptides are covalently coupled to at least one net positively or netnegatively charged interaction tag, wherein the charge of theinteraction tag is opposite to the charge of the first substrate-bindingpolymer, wherein each of the plurality of first substrate-bindingpolymers and second substrate-binding peptides is optionally covalentlycoupled to a hydrophobic interaction tag, wherein the chargedinteraction tag interacts with the first substrate-binding polymer andthe optional hydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other toform a macromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled first substrate-binding polymers and second substrate-bindingpeptides.

In some embodiments, the first substrate tissue or medical devicecomprises a material selected from the group consisting of an autologoustissue, an allogeneic tissue, a transplanted tissue, an organ tissue, abone tissue, a skin tissue, a connective tissue, a muscle tissue, apolymer, a synthetic polymer, a plastic, a metal, a metal oxide, anon-metal oxide, a ceramic material, a calcium phosphate based material,and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the target molecule isselected from the group consisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide,a growth factor, a growth differentiation factor (GDF), a plateletderived growth factor (PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), anosteogenic protein, a bone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, aprotein hormone, a parathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, anantibiotic, a vancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, andcombinations thereof.

In some embodiments, the first substrate-binding polymer having a netnegative charge is selected from the group consisting of polystyrenesulfonate, polyglutamic acid, polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid,poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), heparin, and combinations andcopolymers thereof. In some embodiments, the first substrate-bindingpolymer having a net positive charge is selected from the groupconsisting of polyimines, polyamines, polyethylenimines,polyethylamines, and polylysine, and combinations and copolymersthereof. In some embodiments, the charged interaction tag is selectedfrom the group consisting of polylysine, polyarginine, polyamines,polyimines, polyethylamines, polyethylenimines (PEI), polyaspartic acid,polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, poly(styrenesulfonic-maleicacid), and combinations and copolymers thereof. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic interaction tag is selected from the group consisting offatty acids, undecanoic acid, poly-undecanoic acid, myristic acid, aminohexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,aromatic compounds, and combinations and copolymers thereof.

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the first substratebinding polymer having a positive charge is polyethylenimine, thenegatively charged interaction tag covalently coupled to the secondsubstrate binding peptide is polyglutamic acid or polyaspartic acid, thecharged interaction tag is coupled to the substrate binding peptidedirectly or coupled through a polyethylene glycol, and the optionalhydrophobic interaction tag is absent.

In some embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter, thecompositions of the presently disclosed subject matter comprise a firstsubstrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for a tissue ormedical device covalently linked to a second substrate-binding peptidehaving binding affinity for a target molecule, and the target molecule.Each of the covalently linked first and second substrate-bindingpeptides is covalently coupled to at least one interaction tag selectedfrom the group consisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positivelycharged interaction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag. Thecovalently linked substrate-binding peptide molecules and the targetmolecules are combined resulting in the hydrophobic interaction tagsinteracting with each other and the charged interaction tags interactingwith oppositely charged interaction tags (see, for example, FIG. 6A-6B).In this manner, a macromolecular network is formed comprising the linkedsubstrate-binding domain molecules non-covalently coupled together, andwhen combined with the target molecule and coated onto a tissue ormedical device, the composition loads the target molecule onto thetissue or medical device. (see, e.g., Examples 17-19). In someembodiments, the first and second substrate-binding domains and thetarget molecule are present in a pharmaceutically acceptable solution.In some embodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable solution is in theform of a gel. In some embodiments, the tissue or medical device isfirst coated with one or more of the first or second substrate bindingdomains, rather than being coated after all the components are mixedtogether. The order of coating the tissue or medical device with thecompositions comprising a first and a second substrate-binding domainand a target molecule can be varied.

The substrate binding molecules depicted in FIG. 6A-4B are not meant toattempt to describe every possible combination of covalently coupledinteraction tag on a molecule comprising a covalently linked first andsecond substrate binding domain. For example, the molecule comprisingthe linked substrate binding domains can comprise any combination of oneor more hydrophobic and charged interaction tag, as long as thecombination allows for a plurality of molecules comprising the linkedfirst and second substrate binding domains to form a non-covalentcoupling with each other according to the rules of hydrophobic tagsinteracting with each other and charged interaction tags interactingwith other oppositely charged interaction tags. One embodiment, forexample, that is not depicted in FIG. 6A-6C is the embodiment where eachmolecule comprising the linked first and second binding domains has botha charged and a hydrophobic interaction tag.

In some embodiments, the presently disclosed subject matter provides acomposition comprising a plurality of a first substrate-binding peptidecomprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the first substrate is a tissueor medical device and the first substrate-binding peptide has bindingaffinity for the tissue or medical device; a plurality of a secondsubstrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein thesecond substrate is a target molecule and the second substrate-bindingpeptide has binding affinity for the target molecule, wherein the firstand second substrate-binding peptides are covalently linked; and aplurality of the target molecule, wherein the plurality of covalentlylinked first and second substrate-binding peptides are covalentlycoupled to at least one interaction tag selected from the groupconsisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positively chargedinteraction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag, wherein thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the positivelycharged interaction tags interact with the negatively chargedinteraction tags to form a macromolecular network comprising theplurality of non-covalently coupled substrate-binding peptides.

In some embodiments, the first substrate tissue or medical devicecomprises a material selected from the group consisting of an animaltissue, an autologous tissue, an allogeneic tissue, a transplantedtissue, an organ tissue, a bone tissue, a skin tissue, a connectivetissue, a muscle tissue, a nervous tissue, a polymer, a silk, acollagen, a synthetic polymer, a polyester, a polyurethane, a nylon, apolylactic acid, a polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolicacid), a plastic, a silicone material, a metal, a metal oxide, anon-metal oxide, a ceramic material, a calcium phosphate based material,a carbon-based material, a metallo-carbon composite, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the target molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growth factor, agrowth differentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenic protein, abone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone, aparathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, avancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the charged interaction tag is selected from thegroup consisting of polylysine, polyarginine, polyamines, polyimines,polyethylamines, polyethylenimines (PEI), polyaspartic acid,polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, poly(styrenesulfonic-maleicacid), and combinations and copolymers thereof. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic interaction tag is selected from the group consisting offatty acids, undecanoic acid, poly-undecanoic acid, myristic acid, aminohexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,aromatic compounds, and combinations and copolymers thereof.

In some embodiments, the first and second substrate-binding peptides arecovalently linked by a peptide bond. In some embodiments, the first andsecond substrate-binding domains are covalently linked through any oneof the hydrophobic interaction tag, the charged interaction tag, aminoacids, polymers, synthetic polymers, polyethers, poly(ethylene glycol)(“PEG”), a 10 unit polyethylene glycol (“P10”), and a 6 unitpolyethylene glycol (“MP”).

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the first and secondsubstrate binding peptides are covalently linked through a polyethyleneglycol, the hydrophobic interaction tag is poly-undecanoic acid, thehydrophobic interaction tag is covalently coupled to the first substratebinding peptide either directly, through a polyethylene glycol, orthrough an aminohexanoic acid, and the charged interaction tag isabsent.

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the first and secondsubstrate binding peptides are covalently linked through a polyethyleneglycol, the positively charged interaction tag is covalently coupled toa portion of the plurality of second substrate binding peptide, thenegatively charged interaction tag is covalently coupled to a portion ofthe second substrate binding peptide, and the hydrophobic interactiontag is absent.

In some embodiments, the first substrate medical device is a syntheticpolymer, the second substrate target molecule is a growth factor, thehydrophobic interaction tag is poly-undecanoic acid, the first andsecond substrate binding peptides are covalently linked through thepoly-undecanoic acid hydrophobic interaction tag, and the chargedinteraction tag is absent.

In some embodiments, the first substrate medical device is a syntheticpolymer, the second substrate target molecule is a growth factor, thefirst and second substrate binding peptides are covalently linkedthrough a polyethylene glycol, the hydrophobic interaction tag ispoly-undecanoic acid, the poly-undecanoic acid is covalently coupled tothe second substrate binding peptides, and the charged interaction tagis absent.

In another embodiment, the compositions used in the presently disclosedsubject matter comprise a first substrate-binding peptide having bindingaffinity for a tissue or medical device covalently linked to a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for a target molecule,another additional second substrate-binding peptide, and the targetmolecule vancomycin. Each of the covalently linked first and secondsubstrate-binding peptide comprising molecules and the second substratebinding peptide molecules are covalently coupled to at least oneinteraction tag selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobicinteraction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and a negativelycharged interaction tag. The covalently linked substrate-binding peptidemolecules, the additional second substrate-binding domain comprisingmolecule, and the target molecules are combined resulting in thehydrophobic interaction tags interacting with each other and the chargedinteraction tags interacting with oppositely charged interaction tags.(see, for example, FIG. 7). In this manner, a macromolecular network isformed comprising the substrate-binding domain molecules non-covalentlycoupled together, and when combined with the target molecule and coatedonto a tissue or medical device, the composition loads the targetmolecule onto the tissue or medical device. (see, e.g., FIG. 7 & Example17). In some embodiments, the linked first and second substrate-bindingdomains, the additional second substrate binding domain, and the targetmolecule are present in a pharmaceutically acceptable solution. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutically acceptable solution is in the form ofa gel. In some embodiments, the tissue or medical device is first coatedwith one or more of the linked first and second substrate binding domaincomprising molecules, the additional second substrate binding domaincomprising molecules, and the target molecules, rather than being coatedafter all the components are mixed together. The order of coating thetissue or medical device with the compositions comprising thesubstrate-binding domains and the target molecules can be varied.

The substrate binding molecules depicted in FIG. 7 are not meant to bean attempt to describe every possible combination of covalently coupledinteraction tag on the molecules comprising a covalently linked firstand second substrate binding domains and the additional second substratecomprising domains. For example, the hydrophobic interaction tagcovalently coupled to the molecule comprising the linked substratebinding domains can be coupled at a terminus rather than coupled so asto link the two substrate-binding domains as depicted. The moleculecomprising the additional second substrate binding domain can alsofurther comprise a hydrophobic interaction tag. In another example, bothmolecules can comprise hydrophobic interaction tags with the chargedinteraction tags being absent. Any combination of hydrophobic and/orcharged interaction tags is acceptable, as long as the combinationallows for a plurality of molecules comprising the linked first andsecond substrate binding domains and the additional second substratebinding domains to form a non-covalent coupling with each otheraccording to the rules of hydrophobic tags interacting with each otherand charged interaction tags interacting with other oppositely chargedinteraction tags.

In another embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides acomposition comprising a composition comprising, a plurality of firstmolecules comprising a first substrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to40 amino acids, wherein the first substrate is a tissue or medicaldevice and the first substrate-binding peptide has binding affinity forthe tissue or medical device; and a second substrate-binding peptidecomprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrate is a targetmolecule and the second substrate-binding peptide has binding affinityfor the target molecule, wherein the first and second substrate-bindingpeptides are covalently linked; and a plurality of second moleculescomprising the second substrate-binding peptide, wherein the secondsubstrate binding peptide is not covalently linked to the firstsubstrate binding peptide; and a plurality of the target molecule,wherein each of the plurality of first and second molecules arecovalently coupled to at least one interaction tag selected from thegroup consisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positively chargedinteraction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag, wherein thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the positivelycharged interaction tags interact with the negatively chargedinteraction tags to form a macromolecular network comprising theplurality of non-covalently coupled first and second molecules.

In some embodiments, the first substrate tissue or medical devicecomprises a material selected from the group consisting of an animaltissue, an autologous tissue, an allogeneic tissue, a transplantedtissue, an organ tissue, a bone tissue, a skin tissue, a connectivetissue, a muscle tissue, a nervous tissue, a polymer, a silk, acollagen, a synthetic polymer, a polyester, a polyurethane, a nylon, apolylactic acid, a polyglycolic acid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolicacid), a plastic, a silicone material, a metal, a metal oxide, anon-metal oxide, a ceramic material, a calcium phosphate based material,a carbon-based material, a metallo-carbon composite, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the target molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growth factor, agrowth differentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenic protein, abone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone, aparathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, avancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinationsthereof.

In some embodiments, the charged interaction tag is selected from thegroup consisting of polylysine, polyarginine, polyamines, polyimines,polyethylamines, polyethylenimines (PEI), polyaspartic acid,polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, poly(styrenesulfonic-maleicacid), and combinations and copolymers thereof. In some embodiments, thehydrophobic interaction tag is selected from the group consisting offatty acids, undecanoic acid, poly-undecanoic acid, myristic acid, aminohexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,aromatic compounds, and combinations and copolymers thereof.

In some embodiments, the first and second substrate-binding peptides arecovalently linked through a peptide bond. The composition of claim 5,wherein the first and second substrate-binding domains are covalentlylinked by any one of the hydrophobic interaction tag, the chargedinteraction tag, amino acids, polymers, synthetic polymers, polyethers,poly(ethylene glycol) (“PEG”), a 10 unit polyethylene glycol (“P10”),and a 6 unit polyethylene glycol (“MP”).

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently linked through thepoly-undecanoic acid hydrophobic interaction tag, and each of the firstand the second molecules comprise a covalently coupled chargedinteraction tag wherein the charged interaction tag on the firstmolecules is oppositely charged to the charged interaction tag on thesecond molecules.

In some embodiments, the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the hydrophobicinteraction tag is poly-undecanoic acid and is covalently coupled to thefirst molecules, and each of the first and the second molecules comprisea covalently coupled charged interaction tag, wherein the chargedinteraction tag on the first molecules is oppositely charged to thecharged interaction tag on the second molecules. Also provided in thepresently disclosed subject matter are methods for applying thecompositions of presently disclosed subject matter to a substrate thatis tissue or a medical device, the methods comprising contacting thecomposition with the substrate so that the composition binds thesubstrate, such as in forming a coating on the substrate which has oneor more improved biophysical properties. Also provided in the presentlydisclosed subject matter are medical devices coated with thecompositions of the presently disclosed subject matter, wherein at leasta portion of the medical device is coated with the composition.

EXAMPLE 1

While substrate-binding peptides can be identified using any one ofseveral methods known to those skilled in the art, Illustrated in thisexample are various methods for utilizing phage display technology toproduce a substrate-binding peptide having binding specificity forsubstrate, such substrate-binding peptide useful as a component inproducing a compound according to the present invention.

Phage Screening and Selections.

Phage display technology is well-known in the art, and can be used toidentify additional peptides for use as binding domains in thecompositions according to the present invention. In general, using phagedisplay, a library of diverse peptides can be presented to a targetsubstrate, and peptides that specifically bind to the substrate can beselected for use as binding domains. Multiple serial rounds ofselection, called “panning,” may be used. As is known in the art, anyone of a variety of libraries and panning methods can be employed toidentify a binding domain that is useful in a composition according tothe present invention. Panning methods can include, for example,solution phase screening, solid phase screening, or cell-basedscreening. Once a candidate binding domain is identified, directed orrandom mutagenesis of the sequence may be used to optimize the bindingproperties (including one or more of specificity and avidity) of thebinding domain.

For example, a variety of different phage display libraries werescreened for peptides that bind to a selected target substrate (e.g., asubstrate selected to find a binding domain useful in the presentinvention). The substrate was either bound to or placed in (depending onthe selected substrate) a container (e.g., wells of a 96 well microtiterplate, or a microfuge tube). Nonspecific binding sites on the surfacesof the container were blocked with a buffer containing bovine serumalbumin (“BSA”; e.g., in a range of from 1% to 10%). The containers werethen washed 5 times with a buffer containing buffered saline with Tween™20 (“buffer-T”). Each library was diluted in buffer-T and added at aconcentration of 10¹⁰ pfu/ml in a total volume of 100 μl. Afterincubation (in a range of from 1 to 3 hours) at room temperature withshaking at 50 rpm, unbound phage were removed by multiple washes withbuffer-T. Bound phage were used to infect E. coli cells in growth media.The cell and phage-containing media was cultured by incubation overnightat 37° C. in a shaker at 200 rpm. Phage-containing supernatant washarvested from the culture after centrifuging the culture. Second andthird rounds of selection were performed in a similar manner to that ofthe first round of selection, using the amplified phage from theprevious round as input. To detect phage that specifically bind to theselected substrate, enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA-type) assays wereperformed using an anti-phage antibody conjugated to a detectormolecule, followed by the detection and quantitation of the amount ofdetector molecule bound in the assay. The DNA sequences encodingpeptides from the phage that specifically bind to the selected substratewere then determined; i.e., the sequence encoding the peptide is locatedas an insert in the phage genome, and can be sequenced to yield thecorresponding amino acid sequence displayed on the phage surface.

EXAMPLE 2

As summarized previously herein, the compound useful in making acomposition of the invention is comprised of fatty acid covalentlycoupled to substrate-binding peptide. The composition may comprisesubstrate-binding peptide of a single type (e.g., “type” defined by thesubstrate for which the substrate-binding peptide has bindingspecificity), or may comprise more than one type of substrate-bindingpeptide. Further, as illustrated and described in more detail inExamples 4 & 5 herein, the peptide component of the compound maycomprise a peptide comprised of a single binding specificity (see, e.g.,Example 4); or may comprise two or more binding domains, with eachbinding domain comprised of a substrate-binding peptide, and with thetwo or more binding domains covalently coupled (directly or via alinker) (see, e.g., Example 5).

In one example, the substrate, for which a substrate comprising amaterial comprising a surface of a device, and more preferably a medicaldevice; wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of ametal, a polymer, a non-metal oxide, and a ceramic. As a specificillustrative example for developing substrate-binding peptides using themethods outlined in Example 1, and to develop substrate-binding peptideshaving binding specificity for polymer, various polymers were used as asubstrate for performing phage selection using several differentlibraries of phage. Table 1 illustrates exemplary substrate-bindingpeptides, which may be used in the compounds and compositions accordingto the present invention, having binding specificity for a polymer, andcomprise: SEQ ID NOs:1-22 that have binding specificity for polystyrene;SEQ ID NO:23 that has binding specificity for polyurethane; SEQ ID NOs:24-37 that have binding specificity for polyglycolic acid; SEQ ID NOs:38-43 that have binding specificity for polycarbonate; SEQ ID NOs: 44-52that have binding specificity for nylon; and SEQ ID NOs: 53 and 54 thathave binding specificity for teflon. Such peptides may be used assubstrate-binding peptides having binding specificity for non-biologicalsubstrate comprising a polymer to which they having binding specificity.

TABLE 1 SEQ ID NO: Amino acid sequence (single letter code) Bindingspecificity for polystyrene  1 FLSFVFPASAWGG  2 FYMPFGPTWWQHV  3LFSWFLPTDNYPV  4 FMDIWSPWHLLGT  5 FSSLFFPHWPAQL  6 SCAMAQWFCDRAEPHHVIS 7 SCNMSHLTGVSLCDSLATS  8 SCVYSFIDGSGCNSHSLGS  9 SCSGFHLLCESRSMQRELS 10SCGILCSAFPFNNHQVGAS 11 SCCSMFFKNVSYVGASNPS 12 SCPIWKYCDDYSRSGSIFS 13SCLFNSMKCLVLILCFVS 14 SCYVNGHNSVWVVVFWGVS 15 SCDFVCNVLFNVNHGSNMS 16SCLNKFFVLMSVGLRSYTS 17 SCCNHNSTSVKDVQFPTLS 18 FFPSSWYSHLGVL 19FFGFDVYDMSNAL 20 LSFSDFYFSEGSE 21 FSYSVSYAHPEGL 22 LPHLIQYRVLLVS Bindingspecificity for polyurethane 23 SCYVNGHNSVWVVVFWGVS Binding specificityof polyglycolic acid 24 SCNSFMFINGSFKETGGCS 25 SCFGNLGNLIYTCDRLMPS 26SCSFFMPWCNFLNGEMAVS 27 SCFGNVFCVYNQFAAGLFS 28 SCCFINSNFSVMNHSLFKS 29SCDYFSFLECFSNGWSGAS 30 SCWMGLFECPDAWLHDWDS 31 SCFWYSWLCSASSSDALIS 32SCFGNFLSFGFNCESALGS 33 SCLYCHLNNQFLSWVSGNS 34 SCFGFSDCLSWFVQPSTAS 35SCNHLGFFSSFCDRLVENS 36 SCGYFCSFYNYLDIGTASS 37 SCNSSSYSWYCWFGGSSPSBinding specificity for polycarbonate 38 FGHGWLNTLNLGW 39 FSPFSANLWYDMF40 VFVPFGNWLSTSV 41 FWNVNYNPWGWNY 42 FYWDRLNVGWGLL 43 LYSTMYPGMSWLVBinding specificity for nylon 44 SCFYQNVISSSFAGNPWEC 45SCNMLLNSLPLPSEDWSAC 46 SCPFTHSLALNTDRASPGC 47 SCFESDFPNVRHHVLKQSC 48SCVFDSKHFSPTHSPHDVC 49 SCGDHMTDKNMPNSGISGC 50 SCDFFNRHGYNSGCEHSVC 51SCGDHMTDKNMPNSGISGC 52 SCYYNGLVVHHSNSGHKDC Binding specificity forTeflon 53 CWSRFRLFMLFCMFYLVS 54 CIKYPFLYCCLLSLFLFS

As a specific illustrative example for developing substrate-bindingpeptides using the methods outlined in Example 1, and to developsubstrate-binding peptides having binding specificity for metal, metal(e.g., titanium or stainless steel) was used as a substrate forperforming phage selection using several different libraries of phage.Titanium beads and stainless steel beads of approximately 5/32-inchdiameter were individually prepared for selections by sequentiallywashing the beads with 70% ethanol, 40% nitric acid, distilled water,70% ethanol and, finally, acetone, to remove any surface contaminants.After drying, one metal bead was placed per well of a 96-wellpolypropylene plate. Non-specific binding sites on the metal beads andthe surface of the polypropylene plate were blocked with 1% bovine serumalbumin (BSA) in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). The plate wasincubated for 1 hour at room temperature with shaking at 50 rpm. Thewells were then washed 5 times with 300 μL of buffer-T.

Each library was diluted in buffer-T and added at a concentration of10¹⁰ pfu/mL in a total volume of 100 μL. After 3 hours of incubation atroom temperature and shaking at 50 rpm, unbound phage were removed by 5washes of buffer-T. The phage were added directly to E. coli DH5αF′cells in 2× YT media, and the phage-infected cells were transferred to afresh tube containing 2× YT media and incubated overnight at 37° C. in ashaker incubator. Phage supernatant was harvested by centrifugation at8500×g for 10 minutes. Second and third rounds of selection wereperformed in a similar manner to the first round, using the amplifiedphage from the previous round as input. Each round of selection wasmonitored for enrichment of metal binding peptides using ELISA-likeassays performed using an anti-M13 phage antibody conjugated tohorseradish-peroxidase, followed by the addition of chromogenic agentABTS (2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), anddetermining a read-out at 405 nm. Libraries that showed enrichment ofphage displaying metal binding peptides were plated on a lawn of E. colicells, and individual plaques were picked and tested for binding tometals (e.g., titanium, stainless steel, etc.). Relative bindingstrengths of the phage can also be determined by testing serialdilutions of the phage for binding to a metal substrate in an ELISA. Forexample, serial dilutions of the display-selected clones were exposed totitanium or steel in an ELISA. The higher dilutions represent morestringent assays for affinity; therefore, phage that yield a signal athigher dilutions represent peptides with higher relative affinity forthe particular target metal. Primers against the phage vector sequencethat flank the insertion site were used to determine the DNA sequenceencoding the peptide for the phage in each group. The sequence encodingthe peptide insert was translated to yield the corresponding amino acidsequence displayed on the phage surface. Similar procedures were used todevelop surface-binding peptides that have binding specificity forpolymers.

The DNA sequences encoding peptides isolated on either polymersubstrates or metal substrates were determined. While typically suchphage amino acids adjoining the peptide displayed had no significantcontribution to the binding specificity of the peptide, the peptidesuseful in the present invention may also comprise, in their amino acidsequence, such phage amino acids adjoining the peptide at the N-terminusand at the C-terminus (e.g., denoted as ss and sr in Table 2).

Binding Specificity Characterizations

Relative binding strengths (affinities) of the substrate-bindingpeptides to a substrate, also used as a measure of binding specificity,were determined by testing serial dilutions of the substrate-bindingpeptides for binding to a target substrate (e.g., comprising eithermetal or polymer, depending on the substrate-binding peptide's bindingspecificity being characterized). Plotting the absorbance observedacross the concentration range for each peptide sequence yielded abinding curve of the peptides to its target substrate from which can bedetermined an EC50 (e.g., the concentration of peptide that gives 50% ofthe maximum signal in the binding curve is used as an estimate of theaffinity of the peptide for the target). Preferred for use in a compoundor composition according to the present invention are substrate-bindingpeptides that bind to the selected substrate with binding specificity,preferably with an EC50 of less than or equal to about 1 μM, and morepreferably, in the nanomolar range (e.g., <0.1 μM). A typical bindingassay for titanium (note, a different substrate may be substituted fortitanium in the assay, depending on the binding specificity of thesubstrate-binding peptide) may be performed according to the followingprocedure.

Briefly, 5/32-inch diameter Grade 200 titanium beads were washed bysonication in acetone for 15 minutes, and the beads were allowed to dry.One bead was added to each well of a 96-well polypropylene plate. Twohundred fifty (250) μL of 1% BSA in PBS was added to each well of theplate. The surface of the wells and the beads were blocked by incubationfor 1 hour at 20° C. with shaking at 500 rpm. The plate was washed threetimes with 250 μL of buffer-T per well. A 1:3 dilution series of each ofthe peptides was prepared using PBS as a diluent, starting at a peptideconcentration of 20 μM, and going down to 0.0001 μM. A 200 μL sample ofeach dilution was added to wells of the plate. The plate was incubatedfor 1 hour at 20° C. with shaking at 500 rpm. The beads were washedthree times with 250 μL of buffer-T per well. Two hundred (200) μL ofstreptavidin-alkaline phosphatase (“streptavidin AP”) reagent, at adilution of 1:2000 in buffer+1% BSA, was added to each well. The platewas incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature. The beads were washedthree times with 250 μL of buffer-T per well. Two hundred (200) μL ofcolor development reagent (PNPP, p-nitrophenol phosphate) was added toeach well. After color had developed (10 minutes), the samples weretransferred to a clear 96-well plate and the absorbance at 405 nmdetermined. A binding curve was generated by plotting the absorbance at405 nm against the peptide concentration (μM). Table 2 illustratesexemplary substrate-binding peptides, which may be used in producing acompound or composition according to the present invention, havingbinding specificity for a metal (including a metal alloy, a metal oxide,or a non-metal oxide), and comprising: SEQ ID NOs:55-82 thatspecifically bind to titanium; and SEQ ID NOs: 83-102 that specificallybind to stainless steel.

TABLE 2 SEQ ID NO: Amino acid sequence (single letter code) Bindingspecificity for titanium 55 SCFWFLRWSLFIVLFTCCS 56 SCESVDCFADSRMAKVSMS57 SCVGFFCITGSDVASVNSS 58 SCSDCLKSVDFIPSSLASS 59 SCAFDCPSSVARSPGEWSS 60SCVDVMHADSPGPDGLNS 61 SCSSFEVSEMFTCAVSSYS 62 SCGLNFPLCSFVDFAQDAS 63SCMLFSSVFDCGMLISDLS 64 SCVDYVMHADSPGPDGLNS 65 SCSENFMFNMYGTGVCTES 66HKHPVTPRFFVVE 67 CNCYVTPNLLKHKCYKIC 68 CSHNHHKLTAKHQVAHKC 69CDQNDIFYTSKKSHKSHC 70 SSDVYLVSHKHHLTRHNS 71 SDKCHKHWYCYESKYGGS 72SDKSHKHWYSYESKYGGS 73 HHKLKHQMLHLNGG 74 GHHHKKDQLPQLGG 75ssHKHPVTPRFFVVEsr 76 ssCNCYVTPNLLKHKCYKICsr 77 ssCSHNHHKLTAKHQVAHKCsr 78ssCDQNDIFYTSKKSHKSHCsr 79 ssSSDVYLVSHKHHLTRHNSsr 80ssSDKCHKHWYCYESKYGGSsr 81 HHKLKHQMLHLNGG 82 GHHHKKDQLPQLGG Bindingspecificity for steel 83 CFVLNCHLVLDRP 84 SCFGNFLSFGFNCEYALGS 85DGFFILYKNPDVL 86 NHQNQTN 87 ATHMVGS 88 GINPNFI 89 TAISGHF 90LYGTPEYAVQPLR 91 CFLTQDYCVLAGK 92 VLHLDSYGPSVPL 93 VVDSTGYLRPVST 94VLQNATNVAPFVT 95 WWSSMPYVGDYTS 96 SSYFNLGLVKHNHVRHHDS 97CHDHSNKYLKSWKHQQNC 98 SCKHDSEFIKKHVHAVKKC 99 SCHHLKHNTHKESKMHHEC 100 VNKMNRLWEPL 101  SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTR 102  NHTISKNHKKKNKNSNKTR

While these exemplary peptide sequences are disclosed herein, oneskilled in the art will appreciate that the deletions, additions orsubstitutions of these peptides may be made using methods known in theart, provided the resultant amino acid sequence retains substantiallythe binding properties as the exemplary peptide disclosed herein. Forexample, based on the amino acid sequences of substrate-binding peptidesillustrated by SEQ ID NOs:75-82 in Table 2, shown in Table 3 is a seriesof synthetic, second-generation peptides which were synthesized, some ofwhich had improved binding specificities as compared to the bindingspecificity of the peptide from which it was derived.

TABLE 3 SEQ ID NO: Amino acid sequence 103 SKKHGGKKHGSSGK 104SKHKGGKHKGSSGK 105 SHKHGGHKHGGHKHGSSGK 106 SKHKGGHKHGSSGK 107SHKHGGKHKGSSGK 108 SKHKGGGGKHKGSSGK 109 SHKHGGGGHKHGSSGK 110SHKHGGHKHGSSGK 111 SHHKGGHHKGSSGK 112 SKHKGGKHKGGKHKGSSGK

Several oligomers (also referred to as “multimers”) of differentsubstrate-binding peptides were synthesized. Briefly, the oligomers werebuilt on a lysine MAP core and comprised of two and four peptidemodules, respectively, of a substrate-binding peptide. In anillustrative example, this core matrix was used to generate a peptidedimer and peptide tetramer using, in each branch, a monomeric peptideconsisting essentially of the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:112. Theoligomers were synthesized sequentially using solid phase chemistry on apeptide synthesizer. The synthesis was carried out at a 0.05 mmol scalewhich ensures maximum coupling yields during synthesis. The biotinreporter moiety was placed at the C-terminus of the molecule, and wasappended by a short linker containing glycine and serine residues to thelysine core. Standard Fmoc/t-Bu chemistry was employed usingAA/HBTU/HOBt/NMM (1:1:1:2) as the coupling reagents (AA is amino acid;HOBt is O-Pfp ester/1-hydroxybenzotriazole; HBTU isN-[1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)(dimethylamino)methylene]-N-methylmethanaminiumhexafluorophosphate N-oxide; NMM is N-methylmorpholine). Amino acidswere used in 5-10 fold excess in the synthesis cycles, and all residueswere doubly, triply or even quadruply coupled depending upon thecomplexity of residues coupled. The coupling reactions were monitored byKaiser ninhydrin test. The Fmoc deprotection reactions was carried outusing 20% piperidine in dimethyl-formamide. Peptide cleavage from theresin was accomplished using trifluoracetic acid(TFA:H₂O:Triisopropylsilane=95:2.5:2.5) at room temperature for 4 hours.The crude product was precipitated in cold ether. The pellet obtainedafter centrifugation was washed thrice with cold ether and lyophilizedto give a white solid as crude desired product. The crude products wereanalyzed by analytical high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ona C-18 column using mobile eluants (A=H₂O/TFA (0.1% TFA) andB=Acetonitrile/TFA (0.1% TFA). The polymers were also further analyzedby mass spectrometry for before subjecting each to final purification byHPLC. The fractions containing the desired product were pooled andlyophilized to obtain a fluffy white powder (>98% purity).

EXAMPLE 3

Substrate-binding peptides, which bind to a biological substrate, can beused to produce a compound according to the invention. Thus, a fattyacid may be covalently coupled to a substrate-binding peptide havingbinding specificity for a biological substrate, whether it is asubstrate-binding peptide by itself, or forms part of a biofunctionalcomposition comprised of two or more substrate-binding peptides, whereintwo or more substrate-binding peptides are covalently coupled togetherto form the biofunctional composition. For example, the biologicalsubstrate may comprise a biological molecule. In an illustrativeexample, wherein the biological molecule is a protein, and may furthercomprise a growth factor, disclosed is a substrate-binding peptidehaving binding specificity for BMP. For example, disclosed in commonlyowned U.S. patent application US 20060051396 are families of peptideshaving binding specificity for BMP; one example being a peptidecomprising the consensus amino acid sequence of GGALGFPLKGEVVEGWA (SEQID NO:113). In another example, wherein the biological substratecomprises a tissue, disclosed in commonly owned U.S. application60/914,341 are bone-trophic peptides; one example being a peptidecomprising the amino acid sequence of FDIDWSGMRSWWG (SEQ ID NO:114). Inanother embodiment, wherein the biological substrate comprises a tissue,disclosed in published US applications US20030152976, US20050249682, andPCT application WO2006/094093 are skin-binding peptides, with oneexample of a peptide given as LSPSRMK (SEQ ID NO:115). In a furtherembodiment, wherein the biological substrate comprises a tissue,disclosed in commonly owned U.S. 60/972,277 are families of hair-bindingpeptides, with one example as a peptide comprising an amino acidsequence of SRKSSQKNPHHPKPPKKPTAR (SEQ ID NO:116). In anotherembodiment, wherein the biological substrate comprises a cell(preferably, cells of a cell type), a peptide having a sequence ofALPSTSSQMPQL (SEQ ID NO:117) has been described as binding to stemcells; and a peptide comprising the amino acid sequence ofSSSCQHVSLLRPSAALGPDNCSR (SEQ ID NO:118) has binding specificity forhuman adipose-derived stem cells and endothelial cells (disclosed incommonly owned U.S. application Ser. No. 11/649,950).

In another embodiment, the substrate (either biological ornon-biological, as the case may be) comprises a therapeutic drug. Forexample, it has been reported that by use of phage display to screen forpeptides that bind to paclitaxel (trade name Taxol®), identified was apeptide having the amino acid sequence of HTPHPDASIQGV (SEQ ID NO: 119).In another embodiment where the substrate comprises a therapeutic drug,the therapeutic drug may comprise an antimicrobial. For example,vancomycin and vancomycin analogs bind to bacterial cell wall peptidesending with D-Ala-D-Ala (two D-alanine residues). A peptide that mimicsbacterial cell wall peptide binding to vancomycin, and therefore bindsto vancomycin and its analogs, comprises an amino acid sequence ofLys-Ala-Ala (L-Lys-D-Ala-D-Ala). In another embodiment, the biologicalsubstrate comprises a hormone. Thus, a substrate-binding peptide mayhaving binding specificity for a hormone. For example, peptides having acore amino acid sequence of VMNV (SEQ ID NO: 120) have been described asbinding to human growth hormone. In another embodiment, the biologicalmolecule comprises a nucleic acid molecule, and more preferably, anucleic acid molecule encoding a protein. For example, peptide havingthe amino acid sequence of AEDG (SEQ ID NO: 121) complexes with duplexDNA comprising [poly(dA-dT):poly(dA-dT)].

EXAMPLE 4

Using the methods of the present invention described herein, a compoundaccording to the present invention may be formed by covalently couplingone or more molecules of fatty acid to a substrate-binding peptide. Inthis example, illustrated are compounds formed by covalently couplingfatty acid to substrate-binding peptides having binding specificity fora non-biological substrate. Shown in Table 4 are illustrative compoundsof the invention, synthesized by the methods described herein. Thecompounds are listed as a linear sequence, with “AUD” representingaminoundecanoic acid, “MYR” representing myristic acid; “PALM”representing palmitic acid; “LAU” representing lauric acid; “K” issingle letter designation for lysine; “Y” is single letter designationfor tyrosine; “R” is single letter designation for arginine; brackets “[]” around a fatty acid indicate the fatty acid is branched on a lysine;and “Ac” means a modified N-terminal amino acid which has beenacetylated. A peptide comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:101, and having binding specificity for metal, was synthesized tofurther include a linker at the C-terminal end to be biotinylated tofacilitate detection during functional studies. Such peptide isrepresented by the amino acid sequence SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSGK (SEQ IDNO:122).

TABLE 4 Compound Ref. # Compound linear sequence 122 AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQID NO:122 123 AUD-AUD-K-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122 124AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122-RRRR RRR 125 MYR-SEQ ID NO:122 126LAU-SEQ ID NO:122 127 MYR-linker-SEQ ID NO:122 128 [MYR]₂-K-linker-SEQID NO:122 129 PALM-PALM-PALM-linker-SEQ ID NO:122 130AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122 131AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122 132Ac-Y-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122The following acronyms are used in the description of methods for makingcompounds of the invention (see, e.g., Examples 4 & 5).Mtt is 4-methyltrityl; TATU is2-(7-Aza-1H-Benzotriazole-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluroniumtetrafluoroborate; DIEA is diisopropylethylamine; NMP is1-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone; DCM is dichloromethane; DMF isdimethylformamide; TFA is trifluoracetic acid; TIS istriisopropylsilane; TBTU isO-(Benzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′-tetramethyluronium tetrafluoroborate;HOBt is O-Pfp ester/1-hydroxybenzotriazole; NMM is N-methylmorpholine;RP-HPLC is reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography; Fmoc is9-fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl; tBU is t-butyl; mini-PEG isFmoc-8-Amino-3,6-Dioxaoctanoic Acid; MALDI-TOF is matrix-assisted laserdesorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry; Reagent A iswater/TFA (0.1% TFA); Reagent B is Acetonotrile/TFA (0.1% TFA);Fmoc-PAL-PEG resin is[5-(4-Fmoc-aminomethyl-3,5-dimethoxyphenoxy)valeric acid]-polyethyleneglycol-polystryrene resin.

Compound 125 and compound 126 were synthesized by coupling 150 mg of a‘universal’ SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSGK(Mtt)-resin (the amino acid sequencebeing that of SEQ ID NO:122) with 1 mmol of myristic and lauric acid,respectively, using TATU/2 mmol DIEA in NMP for 2 hours. Followingcoupling, the resin was washed with NMP (3 times) and DCM (5 times) anddried under vacuum overnight. The dried resin was subjected to cleavageusing TFA cocktail (3 mL) comprised of 2.5% (v/v) each of water and TISin TFA. After cleavage for 1.5 hours, the reaction was filtered into 25mL of cold ether. The pellet obtained was separated by centrifugation,and then washed with chilled ether (3×). The crude product was air-driedand purified by RP-HPLC using the following conditions: Column: C-18(250×21.2 mm). Flow: 10 mL/min. Gradient: 0-20% Reagent B in 1 minute;20-60% Reagent B in 30 minutes. The fractions containing the desiredproduct were pooled and lyophilized to obtain a fluffy white powder(>95% purity). Compound 125 was purified (HPLC retention time of 15.32minutes (0 to 60% Reagent B in 30 minutes @ 0.075 mL/min at 220 nm));and characterized by MALDI-TOF (observed mass=2929.2; expectedmass=2929.39). Compound 126 was purified (HPLC retention time of 12.63min (0 to 60% Reagent B in 30 minutes @ 0.075 mL/min at 220 nm)), andcharacterized by MALDI-TOF (observed mass=2901; expected mass=2901.34).

Compounds 127, 128 and 129 were synthesized using standard Fmoc/tBuchemistry. Foc-Lys(Biotin) was introduced at the C-terminus by couplingto Fmoc-PAL-PEG-PS resin. Linear synthesis was performed to synthesizethe peptide component of the compound (SSHRTNHKKN—NPKKKNKTRGSSGK; SEQ IDNO:122). Amino acids were used in 5 fold excess in the synthesis cycles,and all residues were doubly or triply coupled. The coupling reactionswere monitored by Kaiser ninhydrin test or chloranil test. Fmocdeprotection reactions were carried out using 20% piperidine in DMF. Amini-PEG linker was introduced between the peptide and fatty acidmoieties, in covalently coupling fatty acid to peptide. Myristic acidwas pre-activated with HOBt, and double coupled to the resin using theTBTU/HOBt/NMM method. For compound 128 synthesis, Fmoc-Lys(Fmoc)-OH wascoupled to mini-PEG linker. The two terminal Fmoc groups were removed,followed by coupling with 10 equivalents of myristic acid using the TBTUmethod. For compound 129 synthesis, 5 fold excess ofpalmitoyl-Cys((RS)-2,3-di(palmitoyloxy)-propyl)-OH was double coupled tomini-PEG-peptide resin using TBTU activation.

Following synthesis, the resin containing the compound was cleaved usingTFA cocktail (2.5% water; 2.5% TIS; 95% TFA) for 4 hours. The cleavagereaction mixture was filtered into cold ether. The pellet obtained wasfurther washed thrice with cold ether, and dried under vacuum. The crudeproducts were purified using RP-HPLC (column: C-4, 250×21.2 mm; Flow: 10mL/minute Gradient: 0-20% Reagent B in 1 minute; 20-80% Reagent B in 30minutes. Compound 127 was purified (HPLC retention time of 14.63 minutes(30 to 60% B in 30 minutes @ 1 mL/min at 220 nm)) and characterized byMALDI-TOF (observed mass=3300; expected mass=3300.86). Compound 128 waspurified (HPLC retention time of 24.25 minutes (40 to 65% Reagent B in30 minutes @ 1 mL/min at 220 nm)), and characterized by MALDI-TOF(observed mass=3638.5; expected mass=3639.32). Compound 129 wascharacterized by MALDI-TOF (observed mass=3981.8; expectedmass=3982.96).

Compounds 122-124, and 130-132 were synthesized using similar methodsand reagents as described herein for compounds 125-129.

EXAMPLE 5

Using the methods of the present invention described herein, a compoundaccording to the present invention may be formed by covalently couplingone or more molecules of fatty acid to a substrate-binding peptidecomprising a biofunctional composition. In this example, illustrated arecompounds formed by covalently coupling fatty acid to a biofunctionalcomposition comprising a substrate-binding peptide having bindingspecificity for a non-biological substrate, and a substrate-bindingpeptide having binding specificity for a biological substrate, with thetwo respective substrate binding peptides being covalently coupled toeach other. Also illustrated is a compound comprised of fatty acidcoupled to a biofunctional composition comprised of a firstsubstrate-binding peptide having binding specificity for anon-biological substrate, and a second substrate-binding peptide havingbinding specificity for a non-biological substrate, with the tworespective substrate-binding peptides being covalently coupled to eachother. It is apparent to one skilled in the art, that additionalembodiments of the 2 substrate-binding peptides of a biofunctionalcomposition can include, but is not limited to, each beingsubstrate-binding peptide having binding specificity for a biologicalsubstrate.

Shown in Table 5 are illustrative compounds of the invention,synthesized by the methods described herein. The compounds are listed asa linear sequence, with same abbreviations used in Example 4, as well as“Ahx” representing fatty acid comprising aminohexanoic acid; and “NH2”means a modified C-terminal amino acid which has been amidated. A firstand second representative substrate-binding peptide having bindingspecificity for a non-biological substrate (comprising metal), andfurther including a linker at the C-terminal end to be biotinylated tofacilitate detection during functional studies, are represented by theamino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO:122 and HKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSK (SEQ IDNO:123) (a shortened version of SEQ ID NO:122). A third and fourthrepresentative substrate-binding peptide having binding specificity fora non-biological substrate (comprising vancomycin and related analogs)are represented by the amino acid sequence of SSSCLIDMYGVCHNFDGAYDSSRG(SEQ ID NO:124), SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY (SEQ ID NO:125) (shortened version ofSEQ ID NO:124), and SSCLIDIYGKCHNPLR (SEQ ID NO:126) (shortened versionof SEQ ID NO:124). A representative substrate-binding peptide havingbinding activity for a biological substrate (a known antimicrobialpeptide binding to a bacterial surface component) is represented by theamino acid sequence of KWKLFKKIGAVLKVLK (SEQ ID NO:127).

TABLE 5 Compound Ref. # Compound linear sequence 133 MYR-Ahx-SEQ IDNO:124-linker-SEQ ID NO:122 134 AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:124-linker-SEQID NO:122 135 MYR-Ahx-SEQ ID NO:125-linker-SEQ ID NO:123 136[MYR-Ahx]₂-K-SEQ ID NO:125-linker-SEQ ID NO:123 137 MYR-Ahx-SEQ IDNO:127-linker-SEQ ID NO:122 138 SEQ IDNO:126-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122-NH2 139 SEQ IDNO:126-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-AUD-SEQ ID NO:122-NH2

Standard Fmoc/t-Bu chemistry using AA/TBTU/HOBt/NMM (1:1:1:2) as thecoupling reagents was employed to synthesize compound 133. The baseresin, Fmoc-PAL-PEG-PS (˜0.20 mmol/g) was used for synthesis of an aminoacid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:122, followed by two mini-PEGlinkers, followed by an amino acid sequence comprising SEQ ID NO:124.Amino acids were used in 5 fold excess in the synthesis cycles and allresidues were doubly or triply coupled. The coupling reactions weremonitored by Kaiser ninhydrin test or chloranil test. In order tosuppress peptide aggregation, pseudoproline dipeptidesFmoc-Ser-Ser(PsiMe,Me pro)-OH were employed, and were double coupled in5 fold excess. Fmoc-Lys(Biotin)-OH and Fmoc-Mini-PEG-CO₂H were doublecoupled manually using the above coupling conditions. Fmoc deprotectionreactions were carried out using 20% piperidine in DMF with 0.1 M HOBt.Aminohexanoic acid (Ahx) was introduced at the N-terminus of theresin-bound peptide followed by double coupling of myristic acid usingTBTU activation method.

The compound was cleaved from the resin using Reagent K(TFA:EDT:H₂O:phenol:thioanisole=82.5:2.5:5:5:5) at room temperature for4 hours. The crude products were precipitated in cold ether. The pelletobtained after centrifugation was washed thrice with cold ether, andlyophilized to give white solid as crude peptide. The crude linearpeptides were cyclized using 3% DMSO in 10 mM PBS (pH 7.4) buffer for 48hours (peptide concentration˜0.065-0.075 mM) The crude cyclic peptidewas purified on an RP-HPLC column (C18; 250×21.2 mm) using mobileeluants (A=H₂O/TFA (0.1% TFA) and B=Acetonitrile/TFA (0.1% TFA) using agradient of 15% B to 55% B in 50 min at 10 mL/min @ 220 nm. Thefractions containing the desired product were pooled and lyophilized toobtain a fluffy white powder (>95% purity) in 10% overall yield.Compound 133 was purified (HPLC retention time of 13.61 minutes (25 to65% B in 30 min @ 1 mL/min at 220 nm), and characterized by MALDI-TOF(observed mass=6131; expected mass=6122.7).

Compounds 134-139 were synthesized using similar methods and reagents asdescribed herein for compounds 133.

EXAMPLE 6

In this example, illustrated are unexpected beneficial properties of thecomposition of the invention, including but not limited to, one or moreimproved biophysical properties. Such one or more unexpected beneficialproperties of a composition of the invention may comprise an increase instability. An increase in stability may comprise any one or more ofresistance to chemical denaturation, resistance to proteolyticdegradation, improved retention to a substrate (e.g., resistance tobeing competed off a substrate to which it is bound, such as by proteinsor other biomolecules found in body tissues). Thus, to ascertain abeneficial property of a composition of the invention, it is compared tothe properties of a component of the composition-namely, asubstrate-binding peptide by itself (e.g., without fatty acid covalentlycoupled thereto). An assay was developed that, from our directcomparisons (see, e.g., discussion of FIG. 2 below, and Example 7herein), mimicked the effect of incubation of substrate-binding peptidewith human plasma on stability of binding of a substrate-binding peptideto its substrate. The assay utilized incubations in the presence of 10%bovine serum album (BSA) with 10 mM guanidinium chloride. The high BSAconcentration mimics the elevated albumin content of human plasma, andthe guanidinium chloride is used to compete with any chargedinteractions involved in binding of the substrate-binding peptide to itssubstrate.

In this assay, two immunoassay plates were prepared for a “side-by-side”comparison of binding of a test sample (substrate-binding peptide orcomposition of the invention) to its substrate with or without thepresence of 10% BSA with 10 mM guanidinium chloride. The wells of each96-well polypropylene plate were incubated with 350 μl BSA 1% in PBS for30 minutes at 20° C. with 500 rpm shaking. To each well was added oneacetone-cleaned 3/32″ 316LVM stainless steel bead, followed by additionof dilutions in PBS of the test sample in a range of concentrationsstarting from 10 μM. Final volume in each well was 200 μl. The plateswere incubated for 1 hour at 20° C. with 500 rpm shaking to allow forthe binding to occur. The beads were washed 3 times with 250 μl PBSusing a plate washer. At this point the method differed in further stepsto complete depending on whether the assay was in the presence of 10%BSA with 10 mM guanidinium chloride or without the presence of 10% BSAwith 10 mM guanidinium chloride.

In the immunoassay for detecting binding without the presence of 10% BSAwith 10 mM guanidinium chloride, added to each well was 200 μl ofstreptavidin AP (AP is alkaline phosphatase) at 1/200 in TBS+1% BSA. Theplate was then incubated at room temperature for 20 minutes with 500 rpmshaking. The wells were then washed 3 times with 250 μl of a buffercontaining Tween® using a plate washer. The beads were transferred to aclean polypropylene plate, and the added to each well was 200 μl of pNPP(p-Nitrophenyl Phosphate) substrate. When color has developed, each wellwas read at OD405 nm in endpoint mode using a plate reader. In thecomparator assay for detecting the effect of 10% BSA with 10 mMguanidinium chloride, to each well was added 350 μl of 10% BSA with 10mM guanidinium chloride. The plate was then incubated for 18 hours at37° C. with 250 rpm shaking. The wells were washed three times with 250μl PBS using a plate washer. Added to each well was 200 μl ofstreptavidin AP at 1/200 dilution in buffer+1% BSA. The plate was thenincubated at room temperature for 20 minutes with 500 rpm shaking. Thewells were washed three times with 250 μl buffer containing Tween® usinga plate washer. The beads were transferred to a clean polypropyleneplate, and added to the wells was 200 μl of pNPP. When color hasdeveloped, the wells were read at OD405 nm in endpoint mode using aplate reader. From these two assays, a concentration of peptide orcomposition was chosen as a comparison point, and calculated was thepercent of peptide or composition remaining bound to its substrate (inthis case, a metal surface) after an 18 hour incubation in the 10%BSA+10 mM guanidinium chloride (“% retention”, see FIGS. 1 & 2).

With respect to this example and as shown FIG. 1, some additional testsamples were included in the comparison assay. Included was asubstrate-binding peptide by itself (having the amino acid sequence ofSEQ ID NO:122). Also, in the development of the invention, moleculeswhich are know to self assemble (e.g., PEG, hydrophobic amino acids, andthe amino acid sequence RADARADA (SEQ ID NO:128)) were each covalentlycoupled to substrate-binding peptide. For example, using the methodsdescribed herein and methods known in the art, Fmoc-NH-(PEG)₂₇-CO₂H wascovalently coupled to a peptide having the amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:122 (compound 119, FIG. 1), amino acid sequence YWAWAYAW (SEQ IDNO:129) was covalently coupled to a peptide having the amino acidsequence of SEQ ID NO:122 (compound 120, FIG. 1). As shown in FIG. 1,and as compared to the substrate-binding peptide alone (FIG. 1, “SEQ IDNO: 122”) in this assay, surprisingly the aforementioned molecules thatare known to promote self assembly failed to promote retention ofbinding of the substrate-binding peptide component to its substrate(see, e.g., compounds 119 & 120 in FIG. 1). Generally speaking, evenusing a compound having one or two molecules of fatty acid attached(e.g., less than 25 carbons in total) had little effect in promotingretention. However, unexpectedly, a composition of the inventioncomprising compound having more than 2 fatty acids covalently coupled tosubstrate-binding peptide significantly improved retention of binding ofsubstrate-binding peptide component to its substrate (see, e.g.,compositions 122, 123, 129-132 in FIG. 1), and in some cases approachingretention of 100% of the substrate binding peptide to its substrate.Significant retention of binding, as compared to the substrate-peptidecontrol, is a measure of an improvement of or promotion in stability.

This is surprising and unexpected for the following reasons. First, asshown in FIG. 1 and discussed above, molecules which are known in theart to promote self-assembly failed to promote stability of asubstrate-binding peptide. Secondly, not only must the molecules offatty acid (which are covalently coupled to substrate-binding peptide)be able to associate with each other in forming the macromolecularnetwork, but the fatty acid must also be able to self-associate withoutnegatively affecting the binding of the substrate-binding peptide to itssubstrate. Additionally, the self-association in forming themacromolecular network formation must also present a conformation thatpromotes or increases stability of the substrate-binding peptide. Thus,these and other results show that in vitro and in vivo stability of asubstrate-binding peptide can be unexpectedly improved or increased bycovalently coupling two or more fatty acid molecules to thesubstrate-binding peptide in forming a compound which is then mixed witha carrier medium to form a composition of the invention comprising amacromolecular network.

As shown in FIG. 2, and as compared to the substrate-binding peptidealone (biofunctional composition; FIG. 2, “SEQ ID NO:124-linker-SEQ IDNO:122”), generally speaking relative to a biofunctional composition asa substrate-binding peptide, a composition formed of compound having oneor more molecules of fatty acid attached to substrate-binding peptidecan increase or promote stability of the substrate-binding peptidecomponent to its substrate (see, e.g., compositions 133, 134, 136, 137 &139 in FIG. 2), and in some cases approaching retention of 100% of thesubstrate binding peptide to its substrate. This is surprising andunexpected for the same and similar reasons discussed above in referenceto FIG. 1. As shown in FIG. 2, it is noted that in this assay assessingstability, composition 133 promotes stability as measured by about 75%retention of the substrate-binding peptide to it substrate. Using aradiolabeled compound 133 and measuring exposure for periods rangingfrom 18 hours to 10 days in human plasma in assaying amount of compound133 retained to a substrate for which the substrate-binding peptidecomponent has binding specificity, demonstrated is stability comprisingbetween about 80% to about 100% retention of compound 133 at the highestconcentrations of compound 133 tested.

EXAMPLE 7

This example further illustrates the ability of a composition accordingto the invention to promote stability of a substrate-binding peptide toa substrate. In this example, an in vitro model for in vivo stability ona medical device comprising a stent was performed. The stent flow modelincluded a “circulatory system” comprising a peristaltic pump and clearsilicone tubing into which is placed a stent (8 mm, stainless steel)coated with a composition according to the invention. Coating of thestents was accomplished by incubating the stents with radiolabelledcomposition 132 (specific activity 2,400 cpm/pmole at 20 μM in PBS) for1 hour at 20° C., followed by extensive washing with buffer. In onevariation of the stent flow model, human plasma was circulated throughthe circulatory system at a flow rate of 5 ml/min for 7 days at 37° C.In another variation of the stent flow model, 10% BSA+10 mM guanidiniumchloride was circulated through the circulatory system at a flow rate of5 ml/min for 18 hours at 37° C. After circulation in the respectivevariations of the stent flow model, the coated stents were then countedfor radioactivity. To serve as an assay “control”, some coated stentswere not placed in the stent flow model, but rather counted forradioactive counts to provide a reference from which percent retentioncould be calculated for those coated stents included in the stent flowmodel. In both variations of the stent flow model (exposure to humanplasma or 10% BSA+10 mM guanidinium chloride), over 90% of thecomposition remained bound to the coated stents.

EXAMPLE 8

In this example, included is another illustration of a composition ofthe invention having improved beneficial properties (including, but notlimited to, one or more improved biophysical properties), as compared toa substrate-binding peptide by itself. The unexpected benefitillustrated in this example relates to loading capacity for abiomolecule of which a substrate-binding peptide has bindingspecificity. As described in Example 5, an illustrative biofunctionalcomposition (“SEQ ID NO:124-linker-SEQ ID NO:122”) comprises asubstrate-binding peptide having binding specificity for vancomycin(“SEQ ID NO:124”) linked to a substrate-binding peptide having bindingspecificity for metal (“SEQ ID NO:122”). In this illustration, comparedat equal concentrations was the ability of the biofunctional compositionto bind vancomycin and the ability of composition 133 to bindvancomycin.

A substrate comprising a metal (as represented by stainless steel bead)was placed into wells of a 96 well plate. To each well was added a testsample comprising either the biofunctional composition alone, orcomposition 133 according to the invention, at concentrations rangingfrom about 0.1 μM to about 2 μM (in PBS, in a total volume of 150 μl).The plate was incubated for 30 minutes, and then the wells and beadswere washed three times with buffer. Added to each well was 150 μl of astock solution of BODIPY-FL vancomycin, a commercially available,green-fluorescent analog of vancomycin having antibiotic activitycomparable to vancomycin. The plates were incubated for 30 minutes, andthen the wells and beads were washed three times with buffer. By adding200 μl of 10 mM HCl per well, any BODIPY-FL vancomycin specificallybound to the composition or the control is eluted from the metal bead.The fluorescent signal from BODIPY-FL vancomycin was then measured bydetecting emission of light of wavelength 530 nm following excitationwith light of wavelength 490 nm, and plotted against the concentrationsof the test sample to generate a binding curve. At a concentration of 1μM, the fluorescent intensity for the biofunctional composition byitself was quantified as about 12,000 counts per second (cps), whereasat the same concentration, the fluorescent intensity for composition 133was quantified as about 22,000 cps. Thus, unexpectedly, a composition ofthe invention resulted in almost 2 fold increase in the loading capacityof a biomolecule (in this case, vancomycin) by the biofunctionalcomposition, as compared to the biofunctional composition itself (not inthe form of a composition of the invention).

EXAMPLE 9

This example further illustrates the beneficial properties of acomposition according to the invention to promote stability of asubstrate-binding peptide to a substrate, as well as to increase loadingof a biomolecule for which a substrate-binding peptide has bindingspecificity. In this assay, titanium pins were used as a model for tibiapins. Briefly, sterile pins were first coated with biofunctionalcomposition (“SEQ ID NO:124-linker-SEQ ID NO:122”) comprising asubstrate-binding peptide having binding specificity for vancomycin(“SEQ ID NO:124”) linked to a substrate-binding peptide having bindingspecificity for metal (“SEQ ID NO:122”), or a composition of theinvention formed from compound comprising the biofunctional compositioncovalently coupled to fatty acid. The respective coatings also includevancomycin bound thereto. The coated pins were then placed in a siliconetube containing liquid bacterial growth medium and inoculated withbacteria. After incubation, the pins were removed, and then the liquidgrowth medium was serially diluted. The serial dilutions were inoculatedonto bacterial culture plates, the plates were incubated, and counted onthe plates were bacterial colonies.

In this assay, test samples (biofunctional composition (Table 6, “BC”)or compositions 133, 134, 135, 136 139) each were used to coat a pin byincubating the test sample (in a range of from about 0.8 mM to about 1mM) with 2.5 μl of a 10 mM vancomycin solution and PBS to a final volumeof 250 μl in a microtube (3 pins per tube) for 60 minutes at roomtemperature with occasional agitation. In a piece of silicone tubing(1.5 mm inner diameter, 50 mm long), added is tryptic soy broth+0.2%glucose, the coated pin, and 10³ colony forming units (cfu) ofStaphylococcus aureus strain MZ100 in either a 20 μl inoculum, 40 μlinoculum, or 60 μl inoculum. The tubing is clamped closed, and thetubing is incubated for 37° C. for 3 hours. After 3 hours, serialdilutions (1:10, 1:100, 1:1000) were made of the culture media from eachtubing, and 10 μl of the undiluted culture medium and of each dilutionwere spotted onto the bacterial culture plate. The bacterial cultureplate was incubated overnight at 37° C., and then the cfus were counted.The results, a composite of different assay runs, are shown in Table 6(“-” means no cfus; “many” means too many cfus to count, as theyconverge into one spot; “NT” means not tested).

TABLE 6 Test cfu undiluted cfu 1:10 cfu 1:100 cfu 1:1000 Sample Volume(μl)  12+  4 — — BC 20 — — — — 134 20 — — — — 135 20 — — — — 133 20  2 1 — — 136 20 — — — — 139 20 many 16 7 — BC 40 many  6 1 — 134 40  1  1— — 135 40 many 10 — — 133 40 many 15 — — 136 40 13 — — — 139 40 many 247 — BC 60 many 17 5 — 134 60 60  1 1 — 135 60 NT NT NT NT 133 60 NT NTNT NT 136 60 NT NT NT NT 139 60

From the tibia pin assay results shown in Table 6, compositions 135 and139 clearly show improved beneficial properties over the biofunctionalcomposition alone. The benefit illustrated by this example may beattributable to both (a) an increase in stability of thesubstrate-binding peptide, having binding specificity for metal, to itsmetal substrate; and (b) increased loading capacity of thesubstrate-binding peptide, having binding specificity for vancomycin, tovancomycin.

EXAMPLE 10

In this example, illustrated is an embodiment relating to formation of acomposition according to the invention. Basically, to form a compositionof the invention, compound of the invention is mixed with a carriermedium. For example, compound of the invention may be reconstituted witha pharmaceutically-acceptable carrier, as known to those skilled in theart. Typically, a preferred carrier medium is an aqueous solution whichis contacted and mixed with the compound of the invention to form acomposition according to the invention.

Formation of a composition of the invention, and evidence ofmacromolecular network formation, may be monitored or quantified by anymeans known in the art. In this example, macromolecular formation wasdetected using a standard assay for determining critical micelleconcentration (“CMC”). In this assay, a solution containing thecomposition of the invention (in a range of concentrations in pH 7phosphate buffered saline (“PBS”)) was mixed with a solution of methylorange (0.04 mM in PBS), and the absorbance of the mixture was measuredat 484 nm (A₄₈₄). CMC is the concentration at which a sharp decrease inabsorbance at A₄₈₄ is observed, a change in the optical properties ofmethyl orange when trapped in a hydrophobic phase, such as caused byself-association as a macromolecular network (Table 7, “CMC”). Alsoincluded in this assay were an assay control peptide having an aminoacid sequence of SEQ ID NO:122 (Table 7, “Control”), and compound 119 (aPEGylated peptide, the peptide having an amino acid sequence of SEQ IDNO:122, as described in more detail in Example 6 herein). As shown bythe results illustrated in Table 7, only compounds of the inventiondemonstrated a CMC of less than 1 μM, an indicator of macromolecularnetwork formation at such concentrations.

TABLE 7 Compound Ref. # CMC (μM) Control >>10 119 >>10 122 0.123 1230.04 125 0.123 126 0.37 127 0.123 128 0.123 129 0.123 130 0.041 131 0.37132 0.123

EXAMPLE 11

In this example, illustrated is a method of applying a composition ofthe invention to a substrate, the method comprising contacting thecomposition with the substrate under conditions suitable so that thecomposition binds to the substrate. In one example, wherein thesubstrate is a medical device, a composition of the invention is appliedto the medical device as a coating before positioning the medical devicein situ. In another example, a composition according to the invention isapplied to a medical device in situ. For example, if the medical deviceis exposed through an open site in the body (e.g., such as in surgery),or is positioned at a site openly accessible outside the body (e.g., adental implant accessible through an open mouth), a physician may sprayor otherwise apply the composition to the medical device in situ. Inanother example wherein the medical device is not readily accessible byapplications such as a spray coating, a composition according to theinvention may be administered by injection at the site of the medicaldevice such that the composition comes in contact with the medicaldevice so as to bind to the medical device.

To facilitate formation of the composition and application of thecomposition (e.g., by spray, soaking, or injection) to a substrate, thecomposition comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.Conventional processes known in the art may be used to apply acomposition according to the present invention to one or more surfacesof a substrate to be coated (in contacting the composition with the oneor more surfaces in forming a coating thereon). Depending on the natureof the substrate to which the composition is to be applied, suchprocesses are known to include, but are not limited to, soaking, mixing,dipping, brushing, spraying, and vapor deposition. For example, asolution or suspension comprising the composition may be applied throughthe spray nozzle of a spraying device, creating droplets that coat thesurface of the substrate to be coated. The coated substrate is allowedto dry. If desired, the coated substrate may be further processed priorto use (e.g., washed in a solution (e.g., water or isotonic buffer) toremove excess composition not specifically bound to the substrate; iffor in vivo use, by sterilizing using any one or methods known in theart for sterilization). Alternatively, the composition and the substratemay each be separately sterilized prior to the process of combiningthem, and then performed under sterile conditions is the applying of thecomposition to one or more surfaces of the substrate.

In another process for applying the composition to one or more surfacesof a substrate to be coated, a surface of the substrate to be coated isdipped into a liquid (e.g., solution or suspension, aqueous or solvent)containing the composition according to the invention in an amounteffective to coat the surface of the substrate. For example, the surfaceis dipped or immersed into a bath containing the composition. Suitableconditions for applying the composition as a coating composition includeallowing the surface to be coated to remain in contact with the carriermedium containing the composition for a suitable period of time (e.g.,ranging from about 5 minutes to about 5 hours; more preferably, rangingfrom 5 minutes to 60 minutes), at a suitable temperature (e.g., rangingfrom 10° C. to about 50° C.; more preferably, ranging from roomtemperature to 37° C.). If desired, the coated substrate may be furtherprocessed, as necessary for use (e.g., one or more of drying, washing,sterilization, and the like). These illustrative processes for applyinga composition to a substrate are not exclusive, as other coating andstabilization methods may be employed (as one of skill in the art willbe able to select the compositions and methods used to fit the needs ofthe particular surface material of which a substrate is comprised,substrate, or purpose).

Additionally, in a method according to the present invention, a coat ona substrate surface comprising the composition may be stabilized, forexample, by air drying. However, these treatments are not exclusive, andother coating and stabilization methods may be employed. Suitablecoating and stabilization methods are known in the art. For example, theat least one surface of the substrate to be coated with the compositionof the present invention may be pre-treated prior to the coating step soas to enhance one or more of the binding of the composition to thesurface, and the consistency and uniformity of the coating.

EXAMPLE 12 Chemistry for Coupling Interaction Tags to Substrate BindingDomains

One or more hydrophobic interaction tags comprising fatty acid residuescan be covalently coupled to the substrate binding peptides of thepresently disclosed subject matter according to the procedures describedherein above, for example, at Example 5. The hydrophobic interactiontags can be coupled at one or both the N-terminus or C-terminus.Similarly, one or more charged interaction tags comprising amino acidresidues can be covalently coupled at one or both the N-terminus orC-terminus of the substrate binding peptides of the presently disclosedsubject matter.

Briefly, a method for coupling either a hydrophobic interaction tag or acharged interaction tag is as follows. For example, a singleaminoundecanoic acid (AUD) or a polymer of 2-10 AUDs(poly-aminoundecanoic acid (“polyAUD)”) or a single amino acid or apoly-amino acid of the appropriate length is first assembled separatelyas a building block using standard solid phase methods. Theappropriately protected fatty acid hydrophobic tags (e.g., Fmoc-polyAUD,Fmoc-Myristic acid, etc.) and the appropriately protected charged aminoacid interaction tags (e.g, Fmoc-polyLys(Boc)-OH, Fmoc-polyArg(Mtr)-OH,Fmoc-polyAsp(OtBu)-OH, Fmoc-polyGlu(OtBu)-OH, etc.) are coupledsequentially using the standard Fmoc/t-Bu chemistry usingAA/HBTU/HOBt/NMM (1:1:1:2) as the coupling reagents (AA is amino acid;HOBt is O-Pfp ester/1-hydroxybenzotriazole; H BTU isN-[1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)(dimethylamino)methylene]-N-methylmethanaminiumhexafluorophosphate N-oxide; NMM is N-methylmorpholine). The amino acidsand fatty acids are used in 5-10 fold excess in the synthesis cycles,and all residues are doubly, triply or even quadruply coupled dependingupon the complexity of residues coupled. The coupling reactions aremonitored by Kaiser ninhydrin test. The Fmoc deprotection reactions arecarried out using 20% piperidine in dimethyl-formamide. Peptide cleavagefrom the resin is accomplished using Reagent K (TFA (trifluoroaceticacid):EDT (1,2-ethanedithiol):H₂O:phenol:thioanisole=82.5:2.5:5:5:5) atroom temperature for 4 hours. The crude product is precipitated in coldether. The pellet obtained after centrifugation is washed with coldether and lyophilized to give a white solid as crude desired product.The crude products are analyzed by analytical high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) on a C-18 column using mobile eluants (A=H₂O/TFA(0.1% TFA) and B=Acetonitrile/TFA (0.1% TFA). The peptides are alsofurther analyzed by mass spectrometry before subjecting each to finalpurification by preparative HPLC. The fractions containing the desiredproduct are pooled and lyophilized to obtain a fluffy white powder.

One or more hydrophobic interaction tags comprising fatty acid residuescan be covalently coupled to the substrate binding polymers of thepresently disclosed subject matter. For example, a singleaminoundecanoic acid (AUD) or a polymer of 2-10 AUDs(poly-aminoundecanoic acid; (“polyAUD)”) of the appropriate length isfirst assembled separately as a building block using standard solidphase methods. The polyAUD is deprotected and purified by HPLC. The freeacid is activated using carbodiimide chemistry. The polyethylenimine(PEI) polymer is dissolved in appropriate buffer having pH between 7 and9 (0.1 M sodium phosphate, pH 7.5). Amine containing buffers like TRISare avoided. The activated polyAUD acid is dissolved in anacetonitrile-buffer mix and added to the PEI solution in at least 5-10molar excess with stirring. The reaction is allowed to proceed for a fewhours at room temperature until completion. The PEI polymer-AUDconjugate is purified by gel filtration of dialysis.

EXAMPLE 13 Substrate Binding Peptides having Binding Affinity for TargetMolecule Vancomycin

This Example describes the generation of substrate binding peptideshaving binding affinity a target molecule vancomycin according to themethods for utilizing phage display technology outlined previously inExample 1. More specifically, the following subject matter fordiscovering substrate binding peptides having binding affinity for thetarget molecule, vancomycin, and generation of the vancomycin bindingpeptides is taken from PCT International Patent Application No.PCT/US2008/080321 having PCT International Patent ApplicationPublication No. ______, which is herein incorporated by reference in itsentirety.

As an illustrative example of methods used in development of thispresently disclosed subject matter, an aliquot of biotinylatedvancomycin (100 pmoles) in buffer-T (200 μl, 0.05 M Tris-bufferedsaline, with TWEEN-20 at a final concentration of 0.05%) was dispensedin a series of microfuge tubes. Added per tube was 25 μl of a mixture ofphage libraries to be screened (e.g., at a concentration of 10¹⁰ pfu/mleach), and the mixture was incubated at room temperature for 2 hours. Tothe mixture was added streptavidin-labeled metal beads which had beenblocked with 1% bovine serum albumin (BSA) in buffer-T, and thebead-containing mixture was gently mixed for 2 hours at roomtemperature. The tubes were then washed 3 times with 1 ml ofbuffer-T+0.5 mM biotin, using magnetism to pull down the metal beadseach time. The supernatant was removed, and phage was eluted from themetal beads by competition with vancomycin. In the elution process,added to each tube containing the beads was 20 μl of 0.1 mM vancomycin,and the bead-containing mixture was incubated at room temperature for 20minutes. The phage-containing supernatant was then transferred tocultures of E. coli cells susceptible to phage infection, and incubatedovernight at 37° C. in a shaker incubator. Phage supernatant washarvested by centrifugation of culture medium at 8500×g for 10 minutes.Second and third rounds of selection were performed in a similar mannerto the first round, using the amplified phage from the previous round asinput.

For determining phage binding, an ELISA (enzyme-linked immunoassay) wasperformed as follows. Wells of a microtiter plate were coated withstreptavidin by incubating 50 μl of a 10 μg/ml solution per well for 16hours and at 4° C. Non-specific binding sites on the well surfaces ofthe microtiter plate were blocked with 250 μl 1% BSA in 0.1 M NaHCO₃.The plate was incubated for at least 2 hours at room temperature. Afterwashing the wells 3 times with buffer-T, to each well was addedbiotinylated vancomycin (0.1 μM) in 100 μl buffer-T and incubated for 30minutes at room temperature. Biotin (0.1 μM) in 100 μl buffer-T was thenadded to each well, to block any available streptavidin sites. The platewas incubated for 30 minutes at room temperature, followed by 5 washeswith buffer-T. To each well was added 175 μl of buffer-T and 25 μl ofthe phage solution being tested, followed by incubation at roomtemperature for 2 hours. Following several washes with buffer-T, addedwas anti-M13 phage antibody conjugated to horseradish-peroxidase,followed by incubation, and washing. Added was chromogenic agent ABTS(2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), and determinedwas a read-out at 405 nm at 15 minutes. The resultant absorbance valuefor each well correlates to the amount of phage bound to vancomycin.

Primers against the phage vector sequence that flank the insertion sitewere used to determine the DNA sequence encoding the peptide for thephage in each group. The sequence encoding the peptide insert wastranslated to yield the corresponding amino acid sequence displayed onthe phage surface. The amino acid sequences, encoding peptides isolatedusing vancomycin as the representative glycopeptide antibiotic, weredetermined and are shown in Table 1. While phage amino acids adjoiningthe peptides typically did not provide a significant contribution to thebinding affinity of the peptide, the peptides according to the presentlydisclosed subject matter can comprise, in their amino acid sequence,phage amino acids adjoining the peptide at the N-terminus (SS) and atthe C-terminus (SR). The peptide sequence shown in SLIDMYGVCHNFDGAYDS(SEQ ID NO: 130) represents site directed mutagenesis of the firstcysteine residue of CLIDMYGVCHNFDGAYDS (SEQ ID NO: 131) to a serineresidue.

The phage-derived sequences were further evaluated as syntheticpeptides. Peptides according to the presently disclosed subject mattercan be synthesized using any method known to those skilled in the artincluding, but not limited to, solid phase synthesis, solution phasesynthesis, linear synthesis, recombinantly, and a combination thereof.In this example, peptides were synthesized using standard solid-phasepeptide synthesis techniques on a peptide synthesizer using standardFmoc chemistry. After all residues were coupled, simultaneous cleavageand side chain deprotection was achieved by treatment with atrifluoroacetic acid (TFA) cocktail. Crude peptide was precipitated withcold diethyl ether and purified by high performance liquidchromatography (HPLC) using a linear gradient of water/acetonitrilecontaining 0.1% TFA. Homogeneity of the synthetic peptides was evaluatedby analytical reverse phase-HPLC, and the identity of the peptides wasconfirmed with mass spectrometry.

A typical binding assay for glycopeptide antibiotic was performedaccording to the following procedure. Briefly, synthetic peptidescomprising an amino acid sequence to be characterized for binding werebiotinylated to facilitate immobilization on streptavidin-coated 96-wellplates. The microtiter plates were coated with streptavidin by adding 50μl of a 10 μg/ml streptavidin solution in 0.1 M NaHCO₃, and incubatingthe plates for at least 3 hours. The plate wells were blocked by adding150 μl of a 1% BSA solution in 0.1 NaHCO₃ with incubation for at least 2hours, and the plates were stored at 4° C. until needed. Before use, thestreptavidin plates were washed extensively in buffer-T. Added per wellwas peptide (100 μl 0.1 μM peptide in buffer-T), and then incubated for30 minutes at room temperature with shaking. 200 μl of 0.5 mM biotin inbuffer-T was added to block the remaining streptavidin sites, and plateswere incubated for 15 minutes at room temperature. Plates were thenwashed with buffer-T to remove the excess biotin and peptide. Serialdilutions of biotinylated glycopeptide antibiotic in buffer-T were added(100 μl) to each well, representing a range of concentrations between100 μM and 100 μM. Plates were incubated for 30 minutes at roomtemperature with shaking prior to washing several times with buffer-T.Glycopeptide antibiotic was then detected by adding 100 μl of a dilutedstreptavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate to each well and incubatedat room temperature for 30 minutes. Excess conjugate was removed byrepeated washes with buffer-T, and the amount of alkaline phosphataseremaining in the well was detected using a pNPP(para-nitrophenylphosphate) colorimetric enzymatic assay. The relativeamount of glycopeptide antibiotic captured by the peptides wasdetermined by measuring the absorbance at 405 nm of the colored productof the alkaline phosphatase reaction. The EC50 was determined for eachpeptide relative to the binding affinity for the glycopeptide antibioticused in the assay, as shown in Table 8 (with vancomycin as arepresentative glycopeptide antibiotic).

TABLE 8 Peptide sequences isolated by phage selections using vancomycinSEQ EC50 (μM) ID NO: Amino acid sequence for vancomycin binding 131CLIDMYGVCHNFDGAYDS 0.10 132 CLFDIFGVCHSFDGAYDS 0.06 133 PCELIDMFGNDHCP0.82 134 SCDMLFCENFSGSGNNWFS 10 130 SLIDMYGVCHNFDGAYDS 10

To identify additional peptides capable of binding vancomycin, ascanning degenerate codon mutagenesis study was performed using (SEQ IDNO: 131). To rapidly test variants of the isolated vancomycin bindingpeptide, a bacterial expression system was designed. Under this system,a peptide sequence was placed under the transcriptional control of a T7promoter. The peptide was expressed with an N-terminal OmpA signalpeptide, targeting it for secretion. An HA-tag was engineered downstreamof the peptide sequence for antibody-mediated detection, a rhinovirusprotease cleavage site was engineered for peptide liberation, and theDNA sequence encoding alkaline phosphatase was engineered for p-NPPcolorimetric detection. Using this expression system, a scanningmutagenesis study was performed in which new peptide sequences weregenerated using mutagenic oligonucleotide primers and tested forvancomycin binding. The C-terminal His6 tag enabled the high-throughputpeptide purification on Ni²⁺ columns or beads (Qiagen; Cat #30600).After PCR mutagenesis and cloning of a sequence into the vector,competent cells were transformed and cultured overnight on 2×YT-KAN-BCIP(40 ug/ml) plates at 37° C. Transformed colonies were grownin 2× YT-KAN broth overnight. Peptide-AP fusion-containing supernatantswere harvested and tested for binding to vancomycin. Briefly, thevariant peptides were tested for vancomycin binding as follows. Astreptavidin coated microtiter plate was coated with biotinylatedvancomycin. The concentrations of the alkaline-phosphatase linkedvariant peptides were normalized to equal levels based on thealkaline-phosphatase activity as determined in a kinetic assay with thealkaline-phosphatase specific chromogenic substrate p-nitrophenylphosphate (p-NPP). A streptavidin coated microtiter plate was coatedwith biotinylated vancomycin. Normalized amounts of alkaline-phosphataselinked peptides were allowed to bind to the immobilized vancomycin anddetected by addition of the alkaline-phosphatase specific chromogenicsubstrate p-NPP. The results of the mutagenesis study are shown in Table9.

TABLE 9 Scanning degenerate codon mutagenesis (SEQ ID NO: 131)Substitution Position Acceptable Unacceptable Reduced Binding C1 C A E GP S V D K S W L2 L M C G P Q T L I3 I M A G P S L D4 D E H S Y A M5 M IF H K R W V Y6 Y A D E G K N S V G7 G A R S V L E V8 V R K Q C P G S W DC9 C D E G W R H10 H A E G K L M N P R T N11 N D M S C G E F12 F E H K LP Q R S Y D13 D L T V C A Y G14 G R S A F K T V W Y A15 A G C P S Y16 YM W G C L Y D17 D I L P

From an alignment of the amino acid sequence of the peptides identifiedby phage selections using vancomycin as the illustrative glycopeptideantibiotic in Table 1, a consensus glycopeptide antibiotic bindingdomain sequence was constructed representing all of SEQ ID NOs: 131-134and taking into account the results of the mutagenesis study with SEQ IDNO: 131. The consensus glycopeptide antibiotic binding domain SEQ ID NO:135 is as follows: CXaa₀₋₃DMFGXaa₀₋₃C (SEQ ID NO: 135), wherein Xaarepresents any amino acid, the 2 cysteine residues are disulfide bonded,and the length between the 2 cysteine residues can range from 4 to 10amino acids.

Similarly, from an alignment of the amino acid sequence of the peptidesidentified by phage selections using vancomycin as the illustrativeglycopeptide antibiotic in Table 1X, a consensus glycopeptide antibioticbinding domain sequence was constructed representing all of SEQ ID NOs:131-134 and taking into account the results of the mutagenesis studywith SEQ ID NO: 131. The consensus glycopeptide antibiotic bindingdomain SEQ ID NO: 136 is as follows: Xaa₁Xaa₂X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇Xaa₃X₈X₉ (SEQID NO: 136), wherein the sequence comprises at least 2 cysteineresidues; wherein Xaa is any amino acid unless stated otherwise; whereineither Xaa₁ or Xaa₂ is C and Xaa₂ can be absent if Xaa₁ is C; wherein X₁s L, M, I, V or A; wherein X₂ is I, M or F; wherein X₃is D; wherein X₄is M or I; wherein X₅is F or Y; wherein X₆is G; wherein X₇ is any aminoacid except C or P; wherein if X₈ or X₅ is C, Xaa₃ is any amino acidexcept C and can be absent; wherein X₈ is C or H unless Xaa₃ or X₉ is Cand then X₈ is not C; and wherein X₉ is H or C unless Xaa₃ or X₈ is Cand then X₉ is not C.

In another embodiment, a consensus glycopeptide antibiotic bindingdomain sequence was constructed (SEQ ID NO: 137) representing all of SEQID NOs: 130-134 and taking into account the results of the mutagenesisstudy with SEQ ID NO: 131 shown in Table X2. The consensus glycopeptideantibiotic binding domain is as follows: Xaa₁Xaa₂X₁X₂X₃X₄X₅X₆X₇Xaa₃X₈X₉,(SEQ ID NO: 137) wherein the sequence comprises at least 2 cysteineresidues; wherein Xaa is any amino acid unless stated otherwise; whereineither Xaa₁ or Xaa₂ is C and Xaa₂ can be absent if Xaa₁ is C; wherein X₁is not C, G, P, Q or T; wherein X₂is not A, G, P or S; wherein X₃ is Dor C; wherein X₄ is M or I; wherein X₅ is F or Y; wherein X₆is not A, R,S or V; wherein X₇ is any amino acid except C or P; wherein if X₈ or X₉is C, Xaa₃ is any amino acid except C and can be absent; wherein X₈ is Cor H unless Xaa₃ or X₉ is C and then X₈ is not C; and wherein X₉ is H orC unless Xaa₃ or X₈ is C and then X₉ is not C.

Thus, a peptide binding domain sequence motif is provided having bindingaffinity for glycopeptide antibiotic. A peptide according to theglycopeptide antibiotic binding domain of SEQ ID NOs: 135-137 canfurther comprise modifications according to the presently disclosedsubject matter including, for example, one or more of a terminalmodification, and a modification to facilitate linking of the peptide.Thus, such a peptide can have an amino acid sequence selected from thegroup consisting of SEQ ID NOs: 131-137. Preferably, the peptideaccording to the presently disclosed subject matter has a bindingaffinity for glycopeptide antibiotic of EC50 less than 1 μM.

EXAMPLE 14 Substrate Binding Peptides having Binding Affinity for aMetal Medical Device

This Example describes substrate binding peptides having bindingaffinity for a metal substrate medical device discovered according tothe methods for utilizing phage display technology outlined hereinpreviously in Example 1. More specifically, the following subject matterdescribing substrate-binding peptides having binding affinity for asubstrate that is a medical device is taken from PCT InternationalPatent Application Publication No. WO2007/081942, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

Illustrative substrate binding peptides having binding affinity for ametal substrate medical device according to the presently disclosedsubject matter were described in Patent Application Publication No.WO2007/081942 and conform to the following sequence motif:X₁—H—X—X—X₂—X₂—X₂—K—X₁—X₁—X—K—X₁—X₁—N—K (SEQ ID NO:138); where X is anyamino acid; X₁ is K, N, or S, but preferably either K or N; and X₂ is K,N, or H. The illustrative peptides are further covalently coupled to oneor both a hydrophobic interaction tag and a charged interaction tagaccording to the methods detailed herein at Example 12.

Similarly, a shortened version of the peptide sequence motif for metalbinding shown above (SEQ ID NO:138) is described herein above at Example5 and comprises a 4 amino acid linker sequence at the C-terminal end:HKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSK (SEQ ID NO:123). SEQ ID NO:123 is also disclosedherein at Example 5 comprising the covalently coupled hydrophobic tagsof the presently disclosed subject matter. Peptides useful for bindingmetal substrates according to the presently disclosed methods conform tothe following consensus sequence: X₁—X₁—K—X₂—X₂—X—K—X₂—X₂—N—K (SEQ IDNO:139), where X is any amino acid; X₁ is K, N, or H, and X₂ is K, N, orS, but preferably either K or N. Peptides conforming to the abovesequence motifs can also be covalently coupled to one or both ahydrophobic interaction tag and a charged interaction tag according tothe methods detailed in herein at Example 12.

EXAMPLE 15 Substrate Binding Peptides having Binding Affinity for aTarget Molecule Cell

This Example describes substrate binding peptides having bindingaffinity for a substrate target molecule that is a cell discoveredaccording to the methods for utilizing phage display technology outlinedherein previously in Example 1. More specifically, the following subjectmatter describing substrate-binding peptides having binding affinity fora target molecule that is a cell is taken from PCT International PatentApplication Publication No. WO/2007/081943, which is herein incorporatedby reference in its entirety.

Illustrative substrate binding peptides according to the presentlydisclosed subject matter having binding affinity for a target moleculethat is a cell were described in Patent Application Publication No.WO2007/081943 and conform to the following sequence motif:C—X₁—X—X—X—X₂—X—X₃—P—X—X—X—X₂—X—P—X₄—X₁—C (SEQ ID NO:140); where X isany amino acid; X₁ is Asn or Gln; X₂ is Leu or Ile; X₃ is a positivelycharged amino acid comprising Lys, Arg, or His; and X₄ is a negativelycharged amino acid comprising Glu or Asp. The illustrative peptides arefurther covalently coupled to one or both a hydrophobic interaction tagand a charged interaction tag according to the methods detailed hereinat Example 12.

EXAMPLE 16 Substrate Binding Peptides having Binding Affinity for TargetMolecule Bone Morphogenic Proteins

This Example describes substrate binding peptides having bindingaffinity for bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) discovered according tothe methods for utilizing phage display technology outlined hereinpreviously in Example 1. More specifically, the following subject matterdescribing substrate-binding peptides having binding affinity for a BMPtarget molecule is taken from PCT International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO2006/098744A2, which is herein incorporated byreference in its entirety.

Illustrative substrate binding peptides having binding affinity for aBMP target molecule according to the presently disclosed subject matterwere described in Patent Application Publication No. WO2006/098744A2 andmatter fall into 2 different “sequence clusters”. Each sequence clustercontains a common sequence motif. For the first sequence cluster ofBMP-binding peptides, the common motif is designated as “Motif 1” and isas follows: Aromatic-X—X-Phe-X-“Small”-Leu (Aromatic=Trp, Phe, or Tyr;X=any amino acid; “Small”=Ser, Thr, Ala, or Gly; (SEQ ID NO:141). Thesecond sequence cluster motif “Motif 2” comprises the sequence (Leu orVal)-X-Phe-Pro-Leu-(Lys or Arg)-Gly (SEQ ID NOs:142). The illustrativesubstrate binding peptides were shown to bind BMP-2 with an affinityranging from about 10-100 nM. The illustrative peptides are furthercovalently coupled to one or both a hydrophobic interaction tag and acharged interaction tag according to the methods detailed herein atExample 12.

EXAMPLE 17 First and Second Substrate Binding Peptides Localizing GrowthFactors to a Suture Medical Device

This Example describes substrate binding peptides having bindingaffinity for growth factors discovered according to the methods forutilizing phage display technology outlined herein previously inExample 1. More specifically, the following subject matter describingsubstrate-binding peptides having binding affinity for a growth factortarget molecule is taken from PCT International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO2009/032943, which is herein incorporated by referencein its entirety.

Illustrative substrate binding peptides having binding affinity for aGDF growth factor target molecule according to the presently disclosedsubject matter were described in Patent Application Publication No.WO2009/032943 and are shown in Table 10. The compounds are listed as alinear sequence, with “AUD” representing aminoundecanoic acid, “MYR”representing myristic acid; “Ahx” represents a fatty acid comprisingaminohexanoic acid; “B” represents biotin; and “NH2” means a modifiedC-terminal amino acid that has been amidated. The illustrative peptidesin Table x comprising a hydrophobic interaction tag can be furthercovalently coupled to one or both an additional hydrophobic interactiontag and a charged interaction tag according to the methods detailed inherein at Example 12. Those peptides in Table 10 that do not comprise aninteraction tag can also be covalently coupled to one or both ahydrophobic interaction tag and a charged interaction tag according tothe methods detailed in herein at Example 12.

TABLE 10 SEQ ID NO: Peptide linear sequence 143ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-(AUD)₆-YFRAFRKFVKPFKRA FK-GSSGK-B-NH2 144YFRAFRKFVKPFKRAFK-(AUD)₆-ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEV sr-GSSGK-B-NH2 145(AUD)₄-ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-(MP)₂-YFRAFRKFV KPFKRAFK-GSSGK-B-NH2 146MYR-Ahx-ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-(MP)₂-YFRAFRKF VKPFKRAFK-GSSGK-B-NH2 147YFRAFRKFVKPFKRAFK-(MP)₂-ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEV sr-GSSGK-B-NH2 148ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-(MP)₂-YFRAFRKFVKPFKRAF K-GSSGK-B-NH2 149ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-P10-YFRAFRKFVKPFKRAFK- GSSGK-B-NH2 150SWWGFWNGSAAPVWSR-GSSG-ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr- GSSGK-B-NH2 151ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-GSSG-SWWGFWNGSAAPVWSR- GSSGK-B-NH2 152ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-(MP)₂-SWWGFWNGSAAPVWS R-GSSGK-B-NH2 153ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-P10-SWWGFWNGSAAPVWSR- GSSGK-B-NH2 154ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-(AUD)₆-SWWGFWNGSAAPVWS R-GSSGK-B-NH2 155ssGGVGGWALFETLRGKEVsr-GSSG-YFRAFRKFVKPFKRAF K-GSSGK-B-NH2

The following procedure was performed to test the ability of theexemplary peptides having binding affinity for a suture medical devicecoupled to a peptide having binding affinity for fibrous connectivetissue-inducing growth factor to capture GDF-7 on the sutures. Thepeptide compositions described in Table 10 were tested as follows.ETHIBOND EXCEL 1 sutures (ETHICON) were cut into 0.5 cm length pieceswith razor blade and placed in the wells of a 96-well polypropyleneplate. The plate was blocked with 1% BSA/TBS (high salt) for 1 hr at RTby shaking. One μM peptide solutions were prepared in TBST high salt andthe peptide solution was added at 1001l/well/suture. Plates wereincubated 30 min at RT shaking. The plates were washed manually with4×250 μl of TBST high salt. GDF-7 (R&D SYSTEMS) solutions were preparedat a concentration of 50 nM in TBST high salt and added at serial 1:4dilutions to the sutures in the 96-well plate at a concentration rangeof 0.01 nM-50 nM. The plate was incubated 1 hr at RT shaking. The platewas washed manually with 4×250 μl of TBST high salt. Detection of GDF-7was performed using an anti-GDF-7 antibody-secondary antibody-APconjugate with detection using a pNPP calorimetric enzymatic assay. Arelative EC50 value for GDF-7 capture by the peptide compositions wasdetermined and range from 1-20 nM for peptides SEQ ID NOs:143-146 havinga covalently coupled hydrophobic tag and the remaining peptides (SEQ IDNOs:147-155) having a relative EC50 value of greater than 20 nm togreater than 100 nM.

EXAMPLE 18 First and Second Substrate Binding Peptides LocalizingVancomycin to a Metal Medical Device

In this example, methods are illustrated for coating a metal substratewith a composition of the presently disclosed subject matter wherein thetarget molecule being localized to the metal substrate is theantibiotic, vancomycin. In one embodiment, the compositions used in thisexperiment comprise a first substrate-binding peptide having bindingaffinity for a metal bead representing the medical device or a firstsubstrate-binding polymer having a positive charge having bindingaffinity for a metal bead representing the medical device, a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for the targetmolecule vancomycin, wherein the first and second substrate-bindingpeptide/polymer are not covalently linked, and the target moleculevancomycin. The molecules are combined and coated onto the metal bead asdescribed herein below and the first and second substrate bindingpeptides are shown in Table 11 below. The first substrate bindingpolymer having a positive charge is polyethyleneimine of variousmolecular weights and is also shown in Table 11. The combinations of thefirst and second substrate binding peptides/polymers used in theexperiment and the amount of vancomycin loaded onto the metal bead isshown in Table 12. Each of the metal substrate-binding peptides iscovalently coupled to at least one interaction tag selected from thegroup consisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positively chargedinteraction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag. Thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the chargedinteraction tags interact with oppositely charged interaction tagsand/or the positively charged polymer. In this manner a macromolecularnetwork is formed comprising a plurality of non-covalently coupled firstand second substrate-binding peptides/polymers to load the vancomycinonto the metal bead.

In another embodiment, the compositions used in this experiment comprisea first substrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for a metalbead representing the medical device covalently linked to a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for the targetmolecule vancomycin, and the target molecule vancomycin. The moleculesare combined and coated onto the metal bead as described herein below.The first and second covalently linked substrate binding peptides areshown in Table 11 below. The first and second substrate binding peptidesused in the experiment and the resulting amount of vancomycin loadedonto the metal bead is shown in Table 12. Each of the covalently linkedfirst and second substrate-binding peptides is covalently coupled to atleast one interaction tag selected from the group consisting of ahydrophobic interaction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and anegatively charged interaction tag. The hydrophobic interaction tagsinteract with each other and the charged interaction tags interact withoppositely charged interaction tags. In this manner a macromolecularnetwork is formed comprising a plurality of non-covalently coupledsubstrate-binding peptides to load the vancomycin onto the metal bead.

In another embodiment, the compositions used in this experiment comprisea first substrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for a metalbead representing the medical device covalently linked to a secondsubstrate-binding peptide having binding affinity for the targetmolecule vancomycin, another second substrate-binding peptide, and thetarget molecule vancomycin. The molecules are combined and coated ontothe metal bead as described herein below. The first and secondcovalently linked substrate binding peptides and the second substratebinding peptides are shown in Table 11 below. The combinations of thecovalently linked first and second substrate binding peptides with thesecond substrate binding peptide used in the experiment and theresulting amount of vancomycin loaded onto the metal bead is shown inTable 12 below. Each of the covalently linked first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides and the second substrate binding peptides arecovalently coupled to at least one interaction tag selected from thegroup consisting of a hydrophobic interaction tag, a positively chargedinteraction tag, and a negatively charged interaction tag. Thehydrophobic interaction tags interact with each other and the chargedinteraction tags interact with oppositely charged interaction tags. Inthis manner a macromolecular network is formed comprising a plurality ofnon-covalently coupled substrate-binding peptides to load the vancomycinonto the metal bead.

TABLE 11 SEQ ID NO: Sequence 156 RRRRRRR-PSSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGP-RRRRRRR-K(biotin) 157 RRRRRRR-PSSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGP-(AUD)6- K(Biotin) 158(Aud)6-PSSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGP-RRRRRRR- K(biotin) 159(AUD)6-SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSG-RRRRRRR- K(biotin) 160RRRRRRR-miniPeg-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg- miniPeg-HKKNN PKKKNKTRGSS-K(Biotin) 161 RRRRRRR-miniPeg-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-(AUD)5-HKKNNPKKKNKTRGSS-K(Biotin) 162SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg-miniPeg-HKKNNPKKKNKTRG-miniPeg-RRRRRRR-K(Biotin) 163SSSCLIDMYGVCHNFDGAYDSSRG-miniPeg-miniPeg- SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSGK 164MA-Ahx-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg-miniPeg- HKKNNPKKKNKTRGSSK(Biotin) 165MA-AHx-SSCLIDIYGVCHN FDAY-miniPeg-miniPeg- YFRAFRKFVKPFKRAFKGSSK(Biotin)166 Pyrene-butyric-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg-miniPeg-HKKNNPKKKNKTRGSS-K(Biotin) 167 SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-MiniPeg-DDDDDD168 EEEEEE-MP-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-amide 169EEEEEE-miniPeg-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg-EEE EEE 170DDDDDD-MP-K-dA-dA-acid 171 EEEEEEE-PSSCLIDIYGVCHNFDGAYDSSRGP-EEEEEEE 172SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg-DEDEDE 173SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-miniPeg-miniPeg-HKKNNPKKKNKTRG-miniPeg-RRRRRRR-K(Biotin) 174(AUD)6-SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTR-GSSG-K(RRRRRRR- biotin) polyethyleneimine, MW= 800,000 (PEI (800K)) polyethyleneimine, MW = 70,000 (PEI (70K))polyethyleneimine, MW = 25,000 (PEI (25K)) polyethyleneimine, MW= 10,000 (PEI (10K))

TABLE 12 Metal Substrate Vancomycin Load Binding Sequence VancomycinBinding Sequence (pmol/cm2) SEQ ID NO: SEQ ID NO: Controls <10 none none<10 156 none Substrate Binding Peptides with Charged Interaction Tags8,591 156 167 11,000 156 168 10,050 156 169 32,035 156 170 2,252 156 1711,079 156 172 Substrate Binding Peptides with Charged Interaction Tags &Hydrophobic Interaction Tags 18,898 158 168 8,820 157 167 9,663 157 16812,690 159 167 2,501 174 167 1st and 2nd Substrate Binding PeptidesLinked + 2nd Substrate Binding Peptide & Charged Interaction Tag 5,628160 167 417 161 167 455 173 167 881 162 167 Positively Charged Polymer +2nd Substrate Binding Peptide & Charged Interaction Tag 5,764  PEI(800K) 167 4,760 PEI (70K) 167 6,058 PEI (25K) 167 7,073 PEI (10K) 1671st and 2nd Substrate Binding Peptides Linked +/− HydrophobicInteraction Tags 54 163 278 164 1,700 165 173 166

The experimental procedure used for the embodiments described above wasas follows. A cleaned and passivated titanium bead was added to thewells of a 96-well polypropylene plate. 200 ul of the appropriatepeptide or polymer (poly(ethyleneimine), MW ranging from 10,000-700,000,30% aqueous solution=30 mM (POLYSCIENCES #17,938)) and vancomycinmixture was added to each bead set (triplicates). The first substratebinding peptide and second substrate binding peptide were added atconcentrations ranging from 50-200 uM and the vancomycin was added atconcentrations ranging from 200-600 uM. All three components were mixedand then applied to the metal bead. The first substrate binding polymerwas added at a concentration ranging from 10-200 uM to second substratebinding peptide was added at a concentration ranging from 50-1000 uM andthe vancomycin added at a concentration ranging from 200-1500 uM. Allthree components were mixed and then applied to the metal bead. Themolecule with the first substrate binding peptide covalently linked tosecond substrate binding peptide was added at a concentration rangingfrom 50-200 uM and the vancomycin added at a concentration ranging from200-600 uM. The molecule with the first substrate binding peptidecovalently linked to second substrate binding peptide was added at aconcentration ranging from 50-200 uM and the second substrate bindingpeptide was added at a concentration ranging from 50-200 uM and thevancomycin was added at a concentration ranging from 200-600 uM. Themixtures were applied to the metal beads and incubated for 30 mins at20° C. with 700 rpm shaking. The beads were washed three times with 350ul PBS. Beads were analyzed as follows: 200 ul of 100 mM HCl was addedto each bead and incubated for 30 mins at 20° C. with 1,000 rpm shaking.The eluate from each bead was analyzed by HPLC using Phenomenex Luna 3um column, 50×4.60 mm. Output was compared to a standard curve forvancomycin to determine the amount of vancomycin retained onto the metalbead.

To access the ability of the coated beads to bind, retain and release aquantity of vancomycin sufficient to kill bacteria, beads were coated asdescribed above. Coated beads were transferred to the wells of apolypropylene 96-well plate. 150 ul of human plasma was added to eachwell and incubated at 37° C. with 250 rpm shaking. Plasma was removedafter 1 hr and assayed for antibiotic activity. To measure inhibition ofbacterial growth, 100 ul of the sample was added to 100 ul of TSB mediumand inoculated with 10 ul of S. aureus (OD600 of 0.1, diluted 14 fold inTSB). The plate was sealed with an aluminum cover and incubated for 18 hat 37° C. with 250 rpm shaking. Positive and negative controls (minusbacteria/minus antibiotic; (plus bacteria/minus antibiotic; plusbacteria/plus antibiotic) were prepared and run in parallel. 100 ul ofthe solution in each well was transferred to Costar 9017 polystyreneplate and the absorbance read at 600 nm. The level of vancomycin loadingon the beads is shown in Table 12. The coatings in Table x thatdelivered>100 pmol/cm2 showed inhibition of S. aureus growth.

EXAMPLE 19 In vivo Prevention of Bacterial Colonization of a CoatedTitanium Implant

This Example describes the delivery of vancomycin from a titaniumimplant coated with a composition of the presently disclosed subjectmatter that prevents implant colonization by Staphylococcus aureus invivo. The goal of this experiment was to assess the ability of theself-assemblying peptides SEQ ID NO: 158/SEQ ID NO:168 to delivervancomycin from the surface of a titanium implant and prevent implantcolonization in an infected tibia of a rat. Peptides SEQ ID NO: 158, SEQID NO: 168 and vancomycin were mixed at a final concentration of 100 uM,100 uM and 600 uM, respectively in phosphate buffered saline (PBS). 12mmx 0.8mm titanium pins were cleaned by sonication in a succession ofsolutions, water, acetone, 10% Contrad, water, 10% Citrisurf, water for15-30 min each. After cleaning, the titanium was passivated by treatmentwith 20% nitric acid for 30 min followed by multiple washes withdistilled water. Pins were dried and stored under nitrogen. 15 pins wereplaced into microfuge tubes and coated with the peptide/vancomycinmixture for 20 min at room temperature.

Staphylococcus aureus was grown overnight at 37 C on a Blood Agar plate.Colonies were picked from the plate and resuspended in Trypticase SoyBroth (TSB) at an optical density (OD) of 0.2 which represents 2×10⁶ CFUper 10 uL. S. aureus was then diluted to 10⁴ CFU per 10 uL in saline.Rats were anesthetized with isoflurane and their left hind leg wasshaved, depilated, and disinfected. Skin and fascia at the proximaltibial metaphysis was incised and a hole bored into the top of the tibiato access the medullary cavity at the proximal metaphysis. After reamingout the medullary cavity, 10⁴ CFU in 10 uL of S. aureus was addedfollowed by the insertion of either a treated or untreated titanium pin.The incision was sutured and the rats allowed to recover. After 48 hr,the rats were euthanized and the titanium pins removed from the tibia.Pins were sonicated to remove S. aureus that had colonized the pins andthe sonicates were plated onto TSA plates. After overnight incubation at37 C, the number of colonies on the plates were counted and used todetermine the number of bacteria that had colonized the titaniumimplants. The animal protocol was repeated to give a total of 24 treatedand 24 untreated samples. The results are shown in table 13.

TABLE 13 S. aureus colonization of titanium implants in infected rattibia Untreated Treated CFU on CFU on Animal # Pin Animal # Pin 1 460003 0 2 0 5 0 4 0 6 0 7 4600 8 0 11 225000 9 0 12 0 10 0 13 6200 15 0 1417500 16 0 19 350 17 0 20 1950 18 0 21 1200 22 0 24 20000 23 0 25 805026 0 30 1200 27 0 33 34500 28 0 35 0 29 0 36 0 31 0 37 0 32 0 38 1250 340 40 11000 39 0 42 37500 41 0 44 0 43 0 45 300 46 0 47 150 48 0Analysis of the colonization of the titanium pins showed 71% of theuntreated pins were colonized with S. aureus while none of the pinstreated with the peptide/vancomycin mixture were colonized.

EXAMPLE 20 Crosslinking of the Compositions of the Presently DisclosedSubject Matter

This Example describes how an additional crosslinking step can beapplied to achieve covalent crosslinks between the substrate bindingpeptides comprised in the macromolecular network of the presentlydisclosed subject matte. The following surface binding peptides (SBD-1and SBD-2) were synthesized for crosslinking strategy for implementationafter non-covalent coupling of the surface binding peptides as describedherein above. A first surface binding peptide is synthesized usingstandard peptide chemistry described previously and an additionalcysteine residue is incorporated at the N-terminus (e.g.,Cys-RRRRRRR—P—SSHRTNHKKNNPKKKNKTRG-P—RRRRRRR—K (Biotin)-amide; (SEQ IDNO: 175)). The peptide is purified by HPLC under reduced conditions. Asecond surface binding peptide, for example: Maleoyl-propionicacid-SSCLIDIYGVCHNFDAY-DDDDDD-amide (SEQ ID NO: 176) is synthesizedusing standard peptide chemistry and the cyclization and purification iscarried out using Acetonitrile/TFA (0.1% TFA) method. A3-Maleimidopropionic acid N-hydroxysuccinimide ester (Obiter Research,LLC) (MPA) group is coupled at the N-terminus of the peptide sequence ofSEQ ID NO: X in DMF using excess TEA as base. The MPA-peptide conjugateis purified by HPLC and the lyophilized solid is stored at −20 C. Careis taken to avoid hydrolysis of the MPA group. A crosslink is formedbetween the first (SBD-1) and second (SBD-2) substrate binding peptidesas follows. Dissolve SBD-1 and SBD-2 peptide (5 fold excess) isdissolved in PBS buffer—Adjust pH to 7.5. The cysteine sulfhydryls inSBD-1 undergo covalent addition across the maleimide group to form athioether bridge. This cross-linking reaction can be facilitated due tothe association of the peptides by virtue of self assembly. The covalentcomplex formation is confirmed by LC-MS.

EXAMPLE 21 Substrate Binding Peptides having Binding Affinity forDemineralized Bone Matrix

This Example describes substrate binding peptides having bindingaffinity for a substrate tissue that is bone discovered according to themethods for utilizing phage display technology outlined hereinpreviously in Example 1. More specifically, the following subject matterdescribing substrate-binding peptides having binding affinity for asubstrate tissue that is bone taken from PCT International PatentApplication Publication No. WO/2008/134329A1, which is hereinincorporated by reference in its entirety.

Illustrative substrate binding peptides according to the presentlydisclosed subject matter having binding affinity for a substrate tissuethat is bone were described in PCT International Patent ApplicationPublication No. WO/2008/134329A1 and conform to the following sequencemotif 1: ZZXZZXXXXXXXZ (SEQ ID NO:177) and sequence motif 2:ZXXZZZXXXXXX (SEQ ID NO:178); wherein Z is F (phenylalanine), W(tryptophan), or Y (tyrosine); and X is any amino acid. The peptideswere shown to have binding affinity for bone, including demineralizedbone matrix, demineralized cortical bone, and cancellous bone. Theillustrative peptides are further covalently coupled to one or both ahydrophobic interaction tag and a charged interaction tag according tothe methods detailed herein at Example 12.

The foregoing description of the specific embodiments of the presentinvention has been described in detail for purposes of illustration. Inview of the descriptions and illustrations, others skilled in the artcan, by applying, current knowledge, readily modify and/or adapt thepresent invention for various applications without departing from thebasic concept of the present invention; and thus, such modificationsand/or adaptations are intended to be within the meaning and scope ofthe appended claims.

1. A composition comprising: (a) a plurality of a firstsubstrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein thefirst substrate is a tissue or medical device and the firstsubstrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for the tissue or medicaldevice; (b) a plurality of a second substrate-binding peptide comprising3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrate is a target moleculeand the second substrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for thetarget molecule, wherein the first and second substrate-binding peptidesare covalently linked; and (c) a plurality of the target molecule,wherein the plurality of covalently linked first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently coupled to at least oneinteraction tag selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobicinteraction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and a negativelycharged interaction tag, wherein the hydrophobic interaction tagsinteract with each other and the positively charged interaction tagsinteract with the negatively charged interaction tags to form amacromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled substrate-binding peptides.
 2. The composition of claim 1,wherein the first substrate-binding peptide, the secondsubstrate-binding peptide, and the target molecule are present in apharmaceutically acceptable solution.
 3. The composition of claim 2,wherein the pharmaceutically acceptable solution is in the form of agel.
 4. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first substrate tissueor medical device comprises a material selected from the groupconsisting of an animal tissue, an autologous tissue, an allogeneictissue, a transplanted tissue, an organ tissue, a bone tissue, a skintissue, a connective tissue, a muscle tissue, a nervous tissue, apolymer, a silk, a collagen, a synthetic polymer, a polyester, apolyurethane, a nylon, a polylactic acid, a polyglycolic acid,poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), a plastic, a silicone material, ametal, a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a ceramic material, a calciumphosphate based material, a carbon-based material, a metallo-carboncomposite, and combinations thereof.
 5. The composition of claim 1,wherein the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of acell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growth factor, a growthdifferentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growth factor (PDGF), atransforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenic protein, a bonemorphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone, a parathyroidhormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, a vancomycinantibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinations thereof.
 6. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the charged interaction tag is selectedfrom the group consisting of polylysine, polyarginine, polyamines,polyimines, polyethylamines, polyethylenimines (PEI), polyaspartic acid,polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate, poly(styrenesulfonic-maleicacid), and combinations and copolymers thereof.
 7. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the hydrophobic interaction tag is selected from thegroup consisting of fatty acids, undecanoic acid, poly-undecanoic acid,myristic acid, amino hexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmiticacid, stearic acid, aromatic compounds, and combinations and copolymersthereof.
 8. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently linked by a peptide bond. 9.The composition of claim 1, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently linked through any one of thehydrophobic interaction tag, the charged interaction tag, amino acids,polymers, synthetic polymers, polyethers, poly(ethylene glycol) (“PEG”),a 10 unit polyethylene glycol (“P10”), and a 6 unit polyethylene glycol(“MP”).
 10. The composition of claim 1, wherein the first substrate is ametal medical device, the second substrate target molecule isvancomycin, the first and second substrate binding peptides arecovalently linked through a polyethylene glycol, the hydrophobicinteraction tag is poly-undecanoic acid, the hydrophobic interaction tagis covalently coupled to the first substrate binding peptide eitherdirectly, through a polyethylene glycol, or through an aminohexanoicacid, and the charged interaction tag is absent.
 11. The composition ofclaim 1, wherein the first substrate is a metal medical device, thesecond substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the first and secondsubstrate binding peptides are covalently linked through a polyethyleneglycol, the positively charged interaction tag is covalently coupled toa portion of the plurality of second substrate binding peptide, thenegatively charged interaction tag is covalently coupled to a portion ofthe second substrate binding peptide, and the hydrophobic interactiontag is absent.
 12. The composition of claim 1, wherein the firstsubstrate medical device is a synthetic polymer, the second substratetarget molecule is a growth factor, the hydrophobic interaction tag ispoly-undecanoic acid, the first and second substrate binding peptidesare covalently linked through the poly-undecanoic acid hydrophobicinteraction tag, and the charged interaction tag is absent.
 13. Thecomposition of claim 1, wherein the first substrate medical device is asynthetic polymer, the second substrate target molecule is a growthfactor, the first and second substrate binding peptides are covalentlylinked through a polyethylene glycol, the hydrophobic interaction tag ispoly-undecanoic acid, the poly-undecanoic acid is covalently coupled tothe second substrate binding peptides, and the charged interaction tagis absent.
 14. A method for coating a tissue or a medical device, themethod comprising: (a) contacting a composition with the tissue ormedical device, the composition comprising: (i) a plurality of a firstsubstrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein thefirst substrate is a tissue or medical device and the firstsubstrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for the tissue or medicaldevice; (ii) a plurality of a second substrate-binding peptidecomprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrate is a targetmolecule and the second substrate-binding peptide has binding affinityfor the target molecule, wherein the first and second substrate-bindingpeptides are covalently linked; and (iii) a plurality of the targetmolecule, wherein the plurality of covalently linked first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently coupled to at least oneinteraction tag selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobicinteraction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and a negativelycharged interaction tag, wherein the hydrophobic interaction tagsinteract with each other and the positively charged interaction tagsinteract with the negatively charged interaction tags to form amacromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled substrate-binding peptides.
 15. The method of claim 14, whereinthe first substrate tissue or medical device comprises a materialselected from the group consisting of an animal tissue, an autologoustissue, an allogeneic tissue, a transplanted tissue, an organ tissue, abone tissue, a skin tissue, a connective tissue, a muscle tissue, anervous tissue, a polymer, a silk, a collagen, a synthetic polymer, apolyester, a polyurethane, a nylon, a polylactic acid, a polyglycolicacid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), a plastic, a siliconematerial, a metal, a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a ceramic material,a calcium phosphate based material, a carbon-based material, ametallo-carbon composite, and combinations thereof.
 16. The method ofclaim 14, wherein the target molecule is selected from the groupconsisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growth factor, agrowth differentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenic protein, abone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone, aparathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, avancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinationsthereof.
 17. The method of claim 14, wherein the charged interaction tagis selected from the group consisting of polylysine, polyarginine,polyamines, polyimines, polyethylamines, polyethylenimines (PEI),polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate,poly(styrenesulfonic-maleic acid), and combinations and copolymersthereof.
 18. The method of claim 14, wherein the hydrophobic interactiontag is selected from the group consisting of fatty acids, undecanoicacid, poly-undecanoic acid, myristic acid, amino hexanoic acid, capricacid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, aromatic compounds, andcombinations and copolymers thereof.
 19. The method of claim 14, whereinthe first and second substrate-binding peptides are covalently linked bya peptide bond.
 20. The method of claim 14, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently linked through any one of thehydrophobic interaction tag, the charged interaction tag, amino acids,polymers, synthetic polymers, polyethers, poly(ethylene glycol) (“PEG”),a 10 unit polyethylene glycol (“P10”), and a 6 unit polyethylene glycol(“MP”).
 21. The method of claim 14, wherein the first substrate is ametal medical device, the second substrate target molecule isvancomycin, the first and second substrate binding peptides arecovalently linked through a polyethylene glycol, the hydrophobicinteraction tag is poly-undecanoic acid, the hydrophobic interaction tagis covalently coupled to the first substrate binding peptide eitherdirectly, through a polyethylene glycol, or through an aminohexanoicacid, and the charged interaction tag is absent.
 22. The method of claim14, wherein the first substrate is a metal medical device, the secondsubstrate target molecule is vancomycin, the first and second substratebinding peptides are covalently linked through a polyethylene glycol,the positively charged interaction tag is covalently coupled to aportion of the plurality of second substrate binding peptides, thenegatively charged interaction tag is covalently coupled to a portion ofthe second substrate binding peptides, and the hydrophobic interactiontag is absent.
 23. The method of claim 14, wherein the first substratemedical device is a synthetic polymer, the second substrate targetmolecule is a growth factor, the hydrophobic interaction tag ispoly-undecanoic acid, the first and second substrate binding peptidesare covalently linked through the poly-undecanoic acid hydrophobicinteraction tag, and the charged interaction tag is absent.
 24. Themethod of claim 14, wherein the first substrate medical device is asynthetic polymer, the second substrate target molecule is a growthfactor, the first and second substrate binding peptides are covalentlylinked through a polyethylene glycol, the hydrophobic interaction tag ispoly-undecanoic acid, the poly-undecanoic acid is covalently coupled tothe second substrate binding peptides, and the charged interaction tagis absent.
 25. A coated medical device, wherein at least a portion ofthe medical device is coated with a composition comprising: (a) aplurality of a first substrate-binding peptide comprising 3 to 40 aminoacids, wherein the first substrate is a tissue or medical device and thefirst substrate-binding peptide has binding affinity for the tissue ormedical device; (b) a plurality of a second substrate-binding peptidecomprising 3 to 40 amino acids, wherein the second substrate is a targetmolecule and the second substrate-binding peptide has binding affinityfor the target molecule, wherein the first and second substrate-bindingpeptides are covalently linked; and (c) a plurality of the targetmolecule, wherein the plurality of covalently linked first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently coupled to at least oneinteraction tag selected from the group consisting of a hydrophobicinteraction tag, a positively charged interaction tag, and a negativelycharged interaction tag, wherein the hydrophobic interaction tagsinteract with each other and the positively charged interaction tagsinteract with the negatively charged interaction tags to form amacromolecular network comprising the plurality of non-covalentlycoupled substrate-binding peptides.
 26. The coated medical device ofclaim 25, wherein the first substrate tissue or medical device comprisesa material selected from the group consisting of an animal tissue, anautologous tissue, an allogeneic tissue, a transplanted tissue, an organtissue, a bone tissue, a skin tissue, a connective tissue, a muscletissue, a nervous tissue, a polymer, a silk, a collagen, a syntheticpolymer, a polyester, a polyurethane, a nylon, a polylactic acid, apolyglycolic acid, poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), a plastic, asilicone material, a metal, a metal oxide, a non-metal oxide, a ceramicmaterial, a calcium phosphate based material, a carbon-based material, ametallo-carbon composite, and combinations thereof.
 27. The coatedmedical device of claim 25, wherein the target molecule is selected fromthe group consisting of a cell, a protein, a polypeptide, a growthfactor, a growth differentiation factor (GDF), a platelet derived growthfactor (PDGF), a transforming growth factor (TGF), an osteogenicprotein, a bone morphogenic protein (BMP), a hormone, a protein hormone,a parathyroid hormone (PTH), a drug, a drug carrier, an antibiotic, avancomycin antibiotic, a steroid, a dexamethasone, and combinationsthereof.
 28. The coated medical device of claim 25, wherein the chargedinteraction tag is selected from the group consisting of polylysine,polyarginine, polyamines, polyimines, polyethylamines, polyethylenimines(PEI), polyaspartic acid, polyglutamic acid, polystyrene sulfonate,poly(styrenesulfonic-maleic acid), and combinations and copolymersthereof.
 29. The coated medical device of claim 25, wherein thehydrophobic interaction tag is selected from the group consisting offatty acids, undecanoic acid, poly-undecanoic acid, myristic acid, aminohexanoic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid,aromatic compounds, and combinations and copolymers thereof.
 30. Thecoated medical device of claim 25, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently linked by a peptide bond. 31.The coated medical device of claim 25, wherein the first and secondsubstrate-binding peptides are covalently linked through any one of thehydrophobic interaction tag, the charged interaction tag, amino acids,polymers, synthetic polymers, polyethers, poly(ethylene glycol) (“PEG”),a 10 unit polyethylene glycol (“P10”), and a 6 unit polyethylene glycol(“MP”).
 32. The coated medical device of claim 25, wherein the firstsubstrate is a metal medical device, the second substrate targetmolecule is vancomycin, the first and second substrate binding peptidesare covalently linked through a polyethylene glycol, the hydrophobicinteraction tag is poly-undecanoic acid, the hydrophobic interaction tagis covalently coupled to the first substrate binding peptide eitherdirectly, through a polyethylene glycol, or through an aminohexanoicacid, and the charged interaction tag is absent.
 33. The coated medicaldevice of claim 25, wherein the first substrate is a metal medicaldevice, the second substrate target molecule is vancomycin, the firstand second substrate binding peptides are covalently linked through apolyethylene glycol, the positively charged interaction tag iscovalently coupled to a portion of the plurality of second substratebinding peptides, the negatively charged interaction tag is covalentlycoupled to a portion of the second substrate binding peptides, and thehydrophobic interaction tag is absent.
 34. The coated medical device ofclaim 25, wherein the first substrate medical device is a syntheticpolymer, the second substrate target molecule is a growth factor, thehydrophobic interaction tag is poly-undecanoic acid, the first andsecond substrate binding peptides are covalently linked through thepoly-undecanoic acid hydrophobic interaction tag, and the chargedinteraction tag is absent.
 35. The coated medical device of claim 25,wherein the first substrate medical device is a synthetic polymer, thesecond substrate target molecule is a growth factor, the first andsecond substrate binding peptides are covalently linked through apolyethylene glycol, the hydrophobic interaction tag is poly-undecanoicacid, the poly-undecanoic acid is covalently coupled to the secondsubstrate binding peptides, and the charged interaction tag is absent.